^f-^o^ 





•n^o^ 



-oV*^ 



^►^•n*.. 




o • » - ^0 O^ ' o • 




"^o 






















'/ v-^-'/ 

/.^^^'. ^^^ 



^•*°^ 





€fte ^t\lt$Mttttt$ S^ttic^ 



SECTION I 

ENGLISH LITERATURE 

FROM ITS BEGINNING TO THE 
YEAR I I OO 



fcepei— 



am :- 7 I, 



? fe' 



^ 



/ 







]ie- 



fui V 
— // — 



TipA pup 05^1 • 




The above exactly represent tracings from the unique MS. of th 
the word " crist. " 3. The close of Rid. vi., with the same run 
but for the C-rune over Rid. viii. 5. Sign (rune ?) in margin of R 
note to Rid. xvii. The signs are not in the margin, but over Rid. 
(recorded by neither Gr-W. nor Tupper) over Rid. xviii. 9. f 
positions. 1 1. Signs (runes ?) in the margin of Rid. xxx. ; the clo 
their relative positions. 14. Rid. xxvii., lines 15, 16; see footno 
gegierwed." 1 7. Runes and closing stop in Rid. Ixxiv. 1 8. Cl< 
initial letters of Rids, v., xxiii., xl., Ivii., and Ixxxii. respectively. 



OLD ENGLISH 
RIDDLES 



EDITED BY 



Ar j)\yYATT, M.A. 

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND 



Z^p:tL^ 1^-Wc: 



BOSTON, U. S. A., AND LONDON 

D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 



COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY 
D. C. HEATH & CO. 



^-i< 



putact 



I AM almost ashamed to say that this little book represents the 
spare hours of the last eight years. It is ten years since I undertook 
it, at the request of the late Prof. E. M. Brown, of the University of 
Cincinnati. It has been a labour of love and pleasure, except for the 
waste involved in picking up the threads again each autumn after 
an interval of ten or eleven months. The text alone occupied weeks 
(including several visits to Exeter to consult the MS.) } the punc- 
tuation, days. I have not cared about recovering an additional letter 
here and there in the numerous mutilated passages; but I have cared 
greatly to try and evolve a more intelligible text in the many whole 
passages that were yet obscure. The Riddles are the most difficult 
Old English text I know, because the editor needs to combine the 
qualifications of an editor, a riddler, and an antiquary in about equal 
proportions. To such qualifications I can lay no claim : my sole 
qualification is that I have endeavoured to let neither the riddler 
carry it with a high hand over the editor nor the editor over the 
riddler. The only safe road to riddle-guessing is the comparative 
method, combined with some antiquarian investigation into the exact 
form and construction of objects in early times. 

Right or wrong, my own conclusions are in the main independent ; 
that is to say, I have read everything that seemed worth reading 
and formed my own judgment. No rivalry, it seems to me, is pos- 
sible between this edition and that of Prof. Tupper ; but it is 
necessary to state quite clearly the relations in date between the two 
books. The text of this edition was completed in 1909 ; at the end 
of that year the Notes were finished, except for a few reserved mat- 
ters ; but the Introduction was still unwritten. Then the heavy duties 



vi preface 

connected with the Examinership in English at London University 
compelled me to put this work altogether on one side for two years, 
until the autumn of 191 1, when, and in the following Christmas 
vacation, it was completed. Meantime, early in 1910 Prof. Tupper 
sent me a copy of his edition ; until I received it, I had no ink- 
ling that he was engaged upon, or even contemplating, such a book. 
My Introduction then alone remained to be written} and In the 
circumstances I deemed that I was not entitled to make any use of 
his researches, except to state with greater emphasis those points, 
if any, in which I differed from him. Before the appearance of his 
edition, however, I had made full use of his informing and stim- 
ulating articles, in Modern Language Notes {1^0^)^ on <«The Com- 
parative Study of Riddles." 

One pleasant task remains : to thank those good friends who have 
so willingly helped me. The Rev. Chancellor Edmonds of Exeter 
gave me ready access to the MS., sometimes at very inconvenient 
hours and without any forewarning 5 Miss J. D. Montgomery of 
Exeter made the exact measurements given in the first foot-note to 
Riddle 91 : and Mr. A. E. Morgan of University College, Exeter, 
though a complete stranger to me, most readily consulted the MS. 
more than once in order to verify my tracings and memoranda. 
The General Editor, Prof. E. M. Brown, took the kindliest Interest 
in the progress of the work ; since his death I have greatly missed his 
knowledge and critical acumen. Two old pupils of mine. Max 
Drennan of Cambridge and Bernard Pitt of London, have done 
whatever I wanted whenever I wanted it. Last and greatest, my 
friend, G, AInslie HIght, late of the Indian Forest Service, has 
been like the Centurion's servant; he relieved me entirely of the 
immense labour of making the glossary ; without his ready sympa- 
thy and cheery help the work would never have come to completion. 
Much of the credit is his ; the many faults and defects are mine. 

Cambridge, April, i 9 i 2 ^^^^"^ J- ^^^"^^ 



Contentjs 

List of Riddles and Solutions . . . . viii 

Introduction ...... xiii 

The Commoner Anglian Runes . . xxxix 

Text of Riddles i 

Notes ........ 65 

Bibliography . . . . . .124 

Glossary . . . . . . .126 





Notes 




VOOO 




00 


00 « « 


H^ 








t^ t>. J^ t-« 


w2 












Text 


M H 


« to XO-O 


t-« t^ 


00 00 


H 
1-1 


accepted or 

Favoured 

(See the Notes) 


1 1 

5 55 


■ ill 


1 1 


Cuckoo. 
Barnacle-goose. 

Wine. 

Skin, hide, leather. 








to 

^^ ro 




^ . 


a 

i 

o 

H 
g 


O 




1 


Horse turning mill. ' 
Bell (Tupper, 1910). 
See also Mod. Lang. 
Review, Oct. 1 911, p. 4 

Shield (L. C. Muller). 




'0 






Trautmann 

Anglic, Beibl.V; 

Bonner Beitr. 

xvn-xix 

1895-190S 


: : : 


'3 1' 


•^ 




:^- 








8 .& 




Dietrich 

Eaupt. Ztsc 

XI and XI 

1859-65 


III 


i : 
13 1 




( 2. Woodpig 
Cuckoo. 
Wake of a sh 

Night. 
Leather. 




Wyatt 


M « 


CO ■* l/5\0 


t-.00 


00 WW 


1 


1912 








M MM 


Grein- 










Wiilker 
1897 


M M CO 


Tj-io \o t^ 


00 o> 


CM « CO 


a 


Grein 


M <N W) 


rtVi \0 t^ 


00 Oi 


Cm « CO 


;! 


1858 










Thorpe 












Cod. Ex. 
1842 


*^ 


« CO 


tio »0 r>. 


00 


o> 





W M CO 
H M tH 



Vlll 



KO VO VO 

00 00 OO 



O M Pt ro f*5 



winO t^oO 0> 



rO Tl- to to 



1^ ^ 



o 



.y 



i5 .agSd 



-5 

o 
U 



^ :^ 



•1^ 

PQco 











•■.a 






se, man, si 
wk (Hicke 
ce ' for ' sla 
upper, iQi 


iHoh : : 

•45 J3 




i i-j^ 


M*J 


^hl 




fe - 


Oh 






•—^^—^ 




W PQ 



2 









ZZ'^ ^ QmA 



o <u 



lo :^ 






ro 


M M W M 


00 o> 


8^?IJ?^ 


to 


O 


r^ 


00 


Ov 


O M N 

fO to ro 


to 
to 


Ti- 
to 


j^ 


>ovO r-00 


M ° 


?5 ^ w « « 


^ 


?;• 


00 


o 


^ 


to CO to 


•* 
to 


to 


Tt 


>OvO t^OO 


OO 


?:?:;?^j? 


^ 


JT 


00 


Oi 


a 


to to to 


to 


to 



•»t "lO r^oo O O 



IX 







« W5 


to <0 t^co fO fO «o 


■<t Tf •>* Tf>0 


10 lO 




Notes 


Ov 0> 


Oi 0> 0^ a 


00000 





Text 


\0 t^ 


00 0000 rfb 


10 


vo vO t^ r^ t~. 


00 00 


























-S - 


























Solution 

\CCEPTED 

Favoured 
ee the Not 


B : 
1 


1 


ullock. 

ay. 

reation. 

ock and he 
known by 
tames of th 
unes). 
ody and so 
mind), 
ey. 

ough. 

ot and his 
laughters, 
ook-worm. 
halice. 


s 




iii 





PC 


WHO C 


M 


^ 


H ^pqo 


u^ 
















X) 


'o 












a 








1 


O 




'o' 

M 

g 
b 






1 S 

g-b 

s 1 


1 

1 
1 






Lot, two daughters a 

their sons (Wright) 

Book-worm (Grein). 

Paten (Tupper, 1910 


! ^ 




!i 










2 

1 . . . 


d 


Trautm 

Bonner 
xvii-x 
189S-1 


• a ?r 






. 









1 




""la 


' 6 ' . 

a 2 

H E 




J3W : : : 

III 


.2 
3 1 










|4 






^ 






d 




0J 


51 


t 


ill 


•T3 

a 


ey. 

beath. 

haiice. 
yx. 

alcon-pe 
ookcase 










^ 


CD . CJPLHfepq . 

^1 -dil 




Wyatt 




J, 






Tf 10 vO r^oo 


2 




1912 




^ 








Grein- 
















^ 


Wiilker 






0.0 M Ci rO ■* 


t/ 




H. 




1897 






1 CO^-*^-* Tt 


Tj- ^t >* 't-* 




Grein 










M 


^ 


1858 






3 roTrn-n-Tt- tj- 


<t 't ^ ^'^^ 




Thorpe 


<o 
















Cod. Ex. 


. CO 


"^ 


3^553 3 


^ ^ ^ °^? 


y; c^ 




1842 























;^ ^ 



trj rrj rf) tT) m rt 



rO fO ■^ U1 ir)\0 



t^ r»oO Oi Oi Oi O M 



^ O U M 



4> S -C 



.E---C P 



p-rt S y^ d.2 g 



OU 



^2 



8 ■ 



4) 


















— 


o S . 




S 


2 










• i 






oxen led in 
house by f 

Walz). 
upper, igio 




o> 


3 

b 
J 


i 






1 1 

& i 








a 

b : 


o 

M 


Yoke of 
1 barn or 
1 slave ( 
I Flail (T 






. & 




.b Eh 






it 


1 


^ i 




















1. Horse a 

cart. 

2. Quill & 

1. Broom. 

2. Flail. 

Spear. 


c 
'3 

6 


6. 
a 


!3 


III • 

M M CO 


'Runenstab 
Coat of ma 

Fire-dart. 
Flute. 


1 




Stalk'of rye 
Iron helmet 

Dx. 


1 



















en 

§ 1 

Q H 



i -2 



O 60 



& fe 









OU 



:>^ bo 






JS a 





^ 




lO 


^ 


t^ 


"5>^^^ 


^^ fO ■* 


v^S^g^^R 


Ii?lK^ 


S!. 


"D 


•>t"1 


VO 


t^ 


00 


\r,^\0 


fO t to 


^g^g^Rj: 


N fO ^lO 


« 


fo 




\o 


t~- 


00 


O O M N 


VOVOVO 


:§^^|§^R 


M « to ^ 



»o lO 



XI 







\0 \0 "O vO 


t^ 


r- 




COM 


o>o> 







p 


M 


(S 


M 




« 


^1 


Notes 


H H IH M 
>-l M M M 








" « M W M M 


" 


Text 


xs,;;?^? s? 


Tt Tl-lO»OOOCO 


0000 MMM rO-<t 




^ 1 








4? 






. § n ^ 1 






^ 


§ Jl 


JrT 




Solution 
Accepted 

Favoure: 
(See the No 


II 




1 

1 




. . . ^^ 

g d 

1 IIP 


' 














•1 


.^ 
















"oJi 















>- 


M >-• 








3> 









oo 
















".s 




2 

^ 








i 

*i 












1 














ll ^— ' 


n 


O 






• 












1 














1? 
11 








^ 








s^ 


1 




















^ 








z 








8 








o 
1^ 


: : : 


• s 


1 


"2 ■ * ■ 


i M i^^ : 


■l 


^ 






t§ 


^ 







1 II 


a 


-sP^ 






-OtJ 


. 1 


. '^ 






1 


\M 


.£ 



f 




111 


"3 • 

1 


!||3 


'■S.1 


~'~ ' ~^ ' 










Wyatt 


lr>\0 t^O 


o> 


^ c 


M CO -^lO 


VO t^CO S 0> M 


N ro 




1912 


t^ J^ t^ 


c^ t^ 


000000000 


000000 000 OOv 


o«c> 


Grein- 














Wiilker 


\0 t^OO 
t>. t^ t^ 


g S 


00 0000000000 


^^^g^^^ 


s;o! 


1897 














Grein 


I'lvO"^ 


-55^ 


Ch "^ M <x ro 


■^lo'J^vo i^T^oo "S 


55 


1858 


1 '--s 


r- Soooooooo 


00 00 i! 00 00 ii 00 i^oo 


Thorpe 
Cod. Ex. 


to ■§ 


t^ 00 

M H 


0. 

M 


°SSSJ? 









184a 


1 


5 


















« 















Xll 



3Introiiuct(on 

I. Historical Survey 

In Wanley's account of the Codex Exoniensis, 1705, he 
notes that the ninth and tenth ** books" of the MS. consist al- 
most entirely of Enigmas. Already in 1703 Hickes had pub- 
lished facsimiles of five Riddles in his Grammatica hlandicay 
with a discussion of these pieces and citations from other Rid- 
dles of the collection. Hickes seems to have thought them religious 
poems; he found sacred meaning in the homeliest expressions. 

For a hundred years the Exeter Book remained undisturbed, 
until in 1812 J. J. Conybeare published an account of the MS. 
very little improved upon Wanley's description, w^hile in 1826 
six Riddles as specimens and translations of three were given by 
him to the world. 

A complete transcript of the Codex was made by Robert 
Chambers in 1831. Not so valuable as Thorkelin's copies of 
the Beowulf y this transcript, still at the British Museum, is use- 
ful, since Chambers saw in the damaged portions of the MS. 
letters which we are no longer able to distinguish. Thorpe's 
transcript of the following year formed the basis of his edition 
of the Codex in i 842. Thorpe gave the Riddles in three groups 
as they occur in the MS., omitting fragments, supplying trans- 
lations, and offering solutions of two Riddles. In his preface he 
was the first to note the connection of our Riddles with the 
Latin ^nigmata ** by Symphosius, Aldhelm, Beda and others,'* 
but claimed for the author of the English Riddles almost com- 
plete originahty. . 



xiv 31ntrotiuction 

During the following years L. C. Miiller, Wright, Ettmiiller 
(giving the text of twenty-six Riddles), Bouterwek and others 
suggested solutions or otherwise advanced the discussion of these 
poems. But the next date of importance in their history is 1857, 
in which year Leo's treatise ^^ de se ipso Cjnevulfus . . . tra- 
diderit solved the quondam First Riddle as a charade on Cyne- 
wulPs name, attributed to that great poet ** if not all yet many 
of those riddles collected in the Exeter Codex, especially those 
whose answers are the names of runic letters," and thus drew 
the Riddles into the versi-coloured searchlights of controversy. 

The publication of Grein's Bibliothek der Angelsachsischen 
Poesie in 1858 was followed quickly by the penetrating studies 
of Dietrich, who in two articles in Haupt's Zeitschrift fur 
deutsches Alter turn (1859 ^^*^ ^ ^ ^ 5 ) attempted no less a task than 
solving all the Riddles. By an effort of sympathetic imagination 
Dietrich enabled himself to see and think with the eyes and mind 
ofan eighth-century Englishman: no scholar can question his pre- 
eminence as a solver. Unfortunately, under the influence of his 
pupil Lange, Dietrich withdrew some of his own excellent so- 
lutions in favour of poorer ones. As a supplement to his work, 
Ed. Miiller' s treatise of I 86 1 should bementioned. Cynewulf's 
authorship was generally admitted after Leo's treatise, and Die- 
trich found that the Latin Riddle and the last Riddle revealed 
the same author. 

It remained to place the Riddles in relation to their contem- 
porary European literature, a task fitly undertaken by Ebert, 
whose work Die Ratsel des Exeterbuches, 1877, gave a full ac- 
count of the Latin riddle-collections to which the composer or 
composers of the Riddles might have been indebted. He found 
that Aldhelm borrowed from Symphosius, and Tatwine and 
Eusebius from Aldhelm; that the Exeter Book riddler borrowed 



introduction xv 

from Tatwineand Eusebius; that there were probably lOO Eng- 
lish Riddles at first, since there were loo in each Latin collec- 
tion; that, as the English writer used Tatwine-Eusebius, this af- 
fords a clue to the date of composition. 

Ebert's work, though useful, lacked accuracy. To supply an 
exact account of the sources of the Riddles was the object of 
August Prehn ( 1883), but he unfortunately essayed to show that 
almost every one of our Riddles rested on a Latin original. 
Abusing to the utmost the dangerous method of parallel pas- 
sages he found evidence of borrowing everywhere. Prehn' s 
work is ridiculous;* the one sound conclusion he arrived at, that, 

* In effect — not in intention — Prehn was an impostor, and, inasmuch 
as his authority is still imposing on people who do not read him — for instance 
a writer in l^^ellen und Forschungen (xcv. 32) who says: "Thanks to the 
labours of Prehn and others, it is possible to discover, in almost every case, 
the sources of these Old English riddles among the Latin riddle-poems of Sym- 
phosius, Eusebius and Aldhelm " — it maybe well to expose his method, 
of which Rid. 32 furnishes a good example. He has a long article to prove 
that this riddle has been suggested by one of Symphosius. He quotes fragments 
instead of giving the full Latin text. In the first line of Symphosius: 

Longa feror velox formosae filia silvae, 
he thinks that the word ' formosae * may have suggested the adornment of the 
world spoken of in the beginning of our riddle, completely ignoring that the first 
two lines of No. 3 2 are repeated word for word from 3 1 , There is not the remot- 
est connection in the thought apart from the idea of beauty. The Latin 'feror 
velox ' he finds reproduced in 11. 3, 4 (q. v. ). Again, of the words * filia silvae,' 
the first, without the second, is reproduced in 11. 5—9, " if you collect together 
all the different bodily parts which the object is there asserted to have or not 
to have." But one doesn't get a daughter by collecting eyes, mouth and ribs 
— at least it is not the usual way. The Latin riddle on a fish which he quotes 
in a footnote (p. 203) has just as little connection. Similarly, Rid. i is sup- 
posed to reproduce three wretched hexameters of Aldhelm. It is a very old 
story, this of reminiscences, and it is always turning up again with unoriginal 
minds. A poet reads; here and there an idea, perhaps in itself a very trivial 
one, remains in his mind, and is unconsciously worked into something totally 



xvi 31ntroHuction 

of the Latin riddlers, first Aldhelm and next Symphosius had 
influenced the Exeter riddler most, had been anticipated by Die- 
trich. 

For a convenient summary of the views of scholars up to 
this point Wiilker's Grundriss der Angelsdchsischen Litter atur, 
1885, may be consulted. 

The next stage in the literary history of the Riddles is the 
dispute over the authorship. In 1883 Trautmann had denied 
that Cynewulf was the author. Herzfeld in 1890, though still 
ascribing the riddles to the youthful Cynewulf, made a careful 
investigation into their language and metre. Then in 1891 Sievers 
entered the field with a crushing and final attack on Leo's solu- 
tion of the quondam First Riddle. He showed that the forms 
extracted from this poem by Leo were utterly impossible for the 
first syllable of Cynewulf. Probably the Riddles were anterior 
to Cynewulf Already in 1888 Bradley (^Academyy No. 829) 
had declared that the quondam First Riddle was no riddle at all, 
" but a fragment of a dramatic soliloquy,'* like the Wife's Com- 
plaint. The Latin Riddle and the last Riddle had also been 
thought to refer to Cynewulf, one as a pun and the other as 
the wandering minstrel : Trautmann rejected the connection in 
each case. 

The literary beauty of the Riddles was insisted upon by 
Brooke in his Early English Literature , 1892, where he trans- 
lated or paraphrased over thirty riddles, with many useful re- 
marks on Old English culture, and an emphatic assertion of the 
originality of the English riddler. 

In 1900 Madert attacked Herzfeld' s ascription of the Riddles 
to Cynewulf, and, carrying on Sievers' s work, found linguistic 

new. To try to trace its source is like asking where I bought the seeds for the 
poppies in my garden. 



3IntroDuctiou xvii 

and metrical grounds for abandoning the theory of Cyncwulf's 
authorship. 

The Riddles had been studied as poetry and investigated 
from phonological and grammatical standpoints, but very little 
as riddles y until after the publication of other collections of pop- 
ular enigmas, notably Wossidlo's book of North German riddles 
(1897). Questions of origin and classification are now absorb- 
ing students, and the question of the authorship of our Riddles 
becomes more complicated. Which are Folk-riddles, which Art- 
riddles ? Did one man make the whole collection, rewriting and 
revising, or were riddles from many sources copied into the 
Codex by a compiler or by the scribe? In these questions Prof. 
Tupper takes a prominent part, his articles of 1903 and later 
his edition of 1 9 1 o laying special stress on the comparative study 
of riddles of all times and lands. 

Since 1883 Trautmann has had a vigorous share in discus- 
sions on the Riddles. Havdng rejected Leo's explanation of the 
quondam First Riddle, he took part in contrasting the language 
and metre of the Riddles with those of the signed Cynewulfian 
poems; he has printed Riddles, translated them, and solved them, 
offering successively different solutions with equal confidence. 

Other metrical and grammatical criticism has been put for- 
ward by Holthausen and Sievers. Side by side with purely 
philological or literary criticism a growing body of antiquarian 
and anthropological lore has helped to give meaning to once 
meaningless passages, and to solve problems hitherto unsolvable. 

II. The Latin Riddles 

The Riddles of the Exeter Book form one of several extant 
collections of enigmas attributed to Englishmen of the 7 th and 



xviii 31ntroDuction 

8th centuries — the ^nigmata of Aldhelm (640-709), Bishop 
of Sherborne, of Tatwine, Archbishop of Canterbury (731- 
734), of Eusebius (Hwaetberht), Abbot of Wearmouth (716- 
c. 747), of Boniface (Winfrith), the Lorsch Riddles, and 
those attributed to Bede, with those of Alcuin (735-804), Arch- 
bishop of York. Prose conversation manuals, such as ^Ifric's 
Colloquies y and especially Alcuin' s Disputatio i?iter Pippi?ium 
et Alcuinum^ show a close affinity to these puzzles. 

The literary origin, as distinguished from the prevalence of 
popular riddles, of all these collections is to be found in the ^nig- 
mata of one Symphosius, w^hether the minor poet Firmianus 
Symphosius Caelius or not w^e cannot tell. Some critics place 
the riddler as early as the 2d century a.d., others as late as 
the 6th. There is a prologue of seventeen hexameters, mention- 
ing the poet by name; then come a hundred (or a hundred and 
one, a cuckoo-riddle being doubtful) three-Hne hexameter puz- 
zles. Common animals, plants, tools, clothing are the usual 
themes, treated in a purely pagan spirit, with grace and wit, 
and with here and there a phrase of Ovid or Horace worked in. 
They are easily accessible in Migne's Patrologia Latina, vol. 
VII, column 285, where they are ascribed to Lactantius. 

Aldhelm's works are best read in the edition of Giles, S. Ald- 
helmi Opera (Oxford, 1844). The ^Enigmata occur in the 
Epistola ad Acircium (Ealdferth of Northumbria ) , written in 
695, a tractate on metrical composition. As precedents, Ald- 
helm adduces the Biblical story of the thistle and the cedar 6f 
Lebanon, the verse enigmas of Symphosius, and prose riddles 
of Aristotle. For giving to speechless things a human voice and 
human sentiments, Aldhelm appeals to the Scriptures: the trees 
of the wood met to choose a king, the Psalmist gives Hfe to the 
hills, riddles are found in Ecclesiastes. An acrostic in hexame- 



3Inti*oimction xix 

ters, whose initials and finals read Aldhelmus cecitiit millenis 
versibus odas, is followed by a hundred riddles of from four to 
sixteen lines each, with one De Creatura of eighty-three or eighty- 
eight Hnes. In these riddles the following objects, nightingale, 
salamander, pepper, pillow, ostrich, Minotaur, fate, Pleiades, 
nature, kettle, basilisk, speak in their own persons. Some of 
his subjects were familiar to Aldhelm, but many either are fabu- 
lous or were known to him only through books. In fact these 
riddles are learned exercises in poetical natural history and in 
versification, most of their poetical merit lying in a picked vocabu- 
lary. Aldhelm shows Christian influence, but the riddles are not 
distinctively clerical. A remarkable feature is their independence 
of Symphosius: only two enigmas and a few ideas are borrowed 
from him. 

Tatwine wrote forty hexameter riddles, the number of lines 
varying as in Aldhelm' s. About one third of them deal with 
specifically Christian subjects, dogma or church ornaments. He 
is a philosopher and grammarian, one riddle actually being on the 
theme of prepositions and the cases they govern. Though Tat- 
wine borrows something from Aldhelm he is not unoriginal, but 
he is always dull. 

In the same MSS. which contain Tatwine's enigmas occur 
the sixty riddles of Eusebius, completing the hundred. A friend 
of Bede, Eusebius followed the great teacher by writing on 
chronological and grammatical themes, but, unlike Tatwine, he 
has but little Christian colouring in his work. A man apparently 
of feeble invention, he borrows many of his subjects from the 
Etymologies of Isidore of Seville; he owes little to Aldhelm and 
less still, perhaps nothing, to Symphosius. Eusebius is, if possi- 
ble, duller than Tatwine. 

Other collections of Latin riddles are, almost certainly, un- 



XX idntrotJuction 

connected with those of the Exeter Book except through their 
resemblances to Symphosius and Aldhelm. 

It was Thorpe who first noted the connection between the 
^nigmata of Bede, Aldhelm and Symphosius and those of the 
Exeter Book; he claimed essential originality for the * scop.' But 
the researches of Dietrich, Ebert, Prehn and their critics have 
pretty well established the following conclusions: 

( I ) Riddles 3 5 and 40 are directly translated from Aldhelm' s 
poems De Lor tea and De Creatura ; 66 is a re-working of 40. 

(2) Riddles 47 and 60 are plainly derived from the Tinea and 
Arundo of Symphosius, while 84 is a different handling of Sym- 
phosius 12, Flumen et Piscis. 

( 3 ) In seventeen or eighteen riddles hints from Aldhelm * and 
Symphosius are somewhat freely used: the twelve hundred heads 
of 85 must be from Symphosius (One-eyed garlic-seller). Aid- 
helm's nightingale poem and no. 8 have much in common, the 
riddles on a young bull have parallels in the Latin collections. 
Other correspondences are pointed out in the notes. 

(4) Though 14 shows resemblance to Eusebius 30, and there 
are undoubted resemblances in other riddles, it seems improba- 
ble that Tatwine or Eusebius exercised any influence on the 
writers of the Exeter-Book enigmas. 

III. The Quondam First Riddle 

This poem occupies the lower half of folio 1 00 b and the first 
lines of 1 01 a. It is preceded by miscellaneous poems and fol- 
lowed by the first batch of Riddles. As Riddles i, 2, 3 invite 
the reader to solve them and this poem does not, as the struc- 
ture of the poem is quite unlike that of the Riddles, it is rather 

* ** The author of the Old English riddles derived most of his inspiration from 
Aldhelm ! " {^Cambridge History of English Literature^i. 60.) 



3(lntroDurtion xxi 

strange that it should ever have been thought to be a riddle. 
This is the first edition of the Riddles in which this interesting 
interloper does not take its place with the poems which follow 
it in the Codex. 

The text is as follows: 

Leodum is minum svvylce him mon lac gife: 

willa'S hy hine apecgan gif he on f»reat cymetS. 

Ungellc is us. 

Wulf is on lege, ic on operre; 
5 fsst is paet eglond, fenne biworpenj 

sindon waelreowe weras pSr on ige; 

willa'S hy hine apecgan gif he on preat cyme's. 

Ungelice is us. 

Wulfes ic mines widlastum wenum dogode; 
lO Jjonne hit wjes renig weder ond ic reotugu saet, 

]7onnc mec se beaducafa bogum bilegde: 

waes me wyn to pon, waes me hwaepre eac la's, 

Wulf, min Wulf, wena me pine 

seoce gedydon, pine seldcymas 
15 murnende mod, nales meteliste. 

Gehyrest pu, Eadwacer? Uncerne earne hwelp 

hire's wulf to wuda. 

)?£Et mon eape toslTte'S paette nSfre gesomnad waes, 

uncer giedd geador. 
9 Imelmann hogode. 16 Uolthausen earmne. 

The meaning oiapecgan and dogode is unknown, earne may 
be from earu — quick, active, or from earh = cowardly. Wulfmzy 
be the name of some particular person, or perhaps means wolf. 
preat sometimes means a throng, sometimes a calamity. B'dgum 
may mean with boughs, or with arms, and widlastum may be 
either noun or adjective. The following translation must there- 
fore be regarded as tentative: 

To my people it is as if one should give them a gift; 
They will oppress him {} or give him food) if he comes into the throng 
{or into calamity). 



xxii ^Introduction 

It is otherwise with us. 

Wolf is on an island, I on another; 

The island is firm, encompassed by marsh; 

There are fierce men there on the island; 

They will {etc. as 1. 2 above). 

It is otherwise with us. 

I waited ( ?) for my Wolf with far-wandering longings; 

Then it was rainy weather and I sat tearful, 

When the man bold in war surrounded me with boughs {or arms): 

It was joy for me so far, yet it was also pain. 

Wolf, my Wolf, thy hopes 

Have made me sick, thy rare visits 

A grieving spirit, not at all want of food. 

Dost thou hear, Eadwacer ? Brisk {^or cowardly) cub of us two 

Wolf bears to the wood. 

Easily one tears asunder what was never united. 

Our song together. 

LI. 16, 1 7 above are so punctuated as to give some intelligible 
meaning; but the meaning, and therefore the punctuation, is 
quite uncertain. ** Bears " and ** tears" may be future tense. 

This poem being taken to be a Riddle, solutions had to be 
found for it. In 1857 Leo, by changing words, meanings, and 
grammar Qeodum to leodum and so forth), arrived at this trans- 
lation of lines 1,2: 

My limbs are as one assigns to them a meaning, 

This they will reveal when the meaning gathers itself together. 

That is to say that the parts of the riddle may receive different 
names, but when they are juxtaposed the true meaning will be 
apparent: the riddle is a charade. Leo then finds that cyn or cyne 
may be represented by cene, by c^?i, or by cen. And w^el- 
{h)reozue =cQr\Q (bold) ; so too wuda = cen (a torch) which is made 
of split wood. A woman speaks in this poem; woman = cwen 
or in Northumbrian c^n (a more than doubtful form). The 



31ntroUuction xxiii 

word w u If occ\ir% frequently in the poem. Let Eadwacer repre- 
sent the vowel ^, translate unccnic earne *'of us two," and lines 
1 6, 17 by ** Dost thou hear? A wolf ht-ix^ Eadwacer y the 
child of us two, to the wood. ' ' Nothing now remains to be proved : 
Cyn + e + wulf is the meaning gathered together. More in- 
genuity explains the islands as syllables y bogum as whatever 
parts the syllables. The last lines signify that, as cefie and ccSn 
are different, they can easily be sundered. 

Cynewulf's authorship of this charade being then admitted 
by everyone, it was not strange that Dietrich should find that 
the Latin Riddle and the last Riddle referred to Cynewulf too. 

In 1869 Rieger published a short re-reading of the quondam 
First Riddle with comments on Leo's explanation. He retained 
leodum m'lnumy which he explained as cynn (observing that cynn 
is not cyfie') ; he read ccene = cwene instead of ccen = cwen. In 
short he agreed with Leo's conclusion though disapproving of 
his phonology. 

Trautmann in 1883 utterly rejected Leo's text, translation, 
and explanation. He declared that there are no syllabic charades 
in Old English literature, and that Leo had made this one only 
by outrageous liberties with text and lexicon. Cynewulf belonged 
to the same class of names as Cyneheard and Cyneweard; Cyne- 
is the syllable seen in cyne-stol. The long vowels in Cene- 
wulf, Cynewulf would have no likeness, in the native and con- 
temporary ear, to Cyne-. The explanations offered by Leo of 
the island passage are quite impossible, and those of lines 16, 
17 altogether too far-fetched. Leo's solution is harder than the 
riddle, and it is time that it was done away with. 

Trautmann's own solution is Riddky and he says that, just 
as there can be no doubt Leo is wrong, so there can be no doubt 
Trautmann is right. The wolf is the solver, the speaker is the 



xxiv 31ntrotiuction 

riddle ; being on diiFerent islands means that the solver cannot 
get at the riddle; the zvcel(^h)reozve weras-ixt other guessers. As 
the solver makes wandering guesses the riddle sits weeping, but 
she is both glad and sorry when she is embraced, that is, guessed. 
The rare visits of the solver are his rare good guesses. When 
the solver drags the whelp to the wood the riddle is solved. 
Trautmann makes no attempt to explain Eadwacer. Lines 1 8, 
1 9 signify that the riddle and solution, never united, may easily 
be sundered; but the answer brings riddle and guesser together. 
The last Riddle he also solved as The Riddle. 

At the time of its publication, Trautmann' s demolition of 
Leo's work did not receive its fair share of consideration, since 
almost all scholars were too thoroughly committed to the Cyne- 
wulfian theory. The Riddle solution was almost unanimously 
rejected. Professor Henry Morley was then bringing out his 
English Writers ; while accepting Trautmann's destructive result, 
he rejected his constructive attempt, and suggested that the real 
solution was the Christian Preacher. A review of Morley 's 
second volume by Henry Bradley in the Academy for March 24, 
1888, opened an entirely new chapter in the history of the poem. 
** I may as well state my own view, which is that the so-called 
riddle is not a riddle at all, but a fragment of a dramatic solilo- 
quy, Hke DeordSid. The Wife^s Complaint ^ to the latter of which 
it bears, both in motive and in treatment, a strong resemblance." 
The speaker is a woman — the grammar shows this — proba- 
bly a captive in a foreign land, Wulf is her outlaw lover, Ead- 
wacer is her ** tyrant husband." Bradley renders on pre at cu- 
man **come to want," apecgan **give food to," ear?ie ** cow- 
ardly." 

Gollancz approved of Bradley's theory, with modifications. 
Herzfeld adduced further considerations in its favour, taking 



31ntroDuction xxv 

lines 1 6 and 1 7 to mean that Wulf drags away as a hostage the 
child of Eadwacer and the lady, while she herself is held in cus- 
tody by her husband. 

In I 891 Sievers, with more thorough and accurate scholar- 
ship than Trautmann had displayed in 1883, denied the equiv- 
alence of cyniy canty cen, cw^?i (giving these normal Early 
Northumbrian forms). Cook in 1900 sums up thus: ** Cyne- 
wulPs name is not found in the First Riddle, which in all prob- 
ability is not a riddle at all. Hence there is no ground for as- 
suming that either Riddle 86 [the Latin riddle] or Riddle 89 
[i,e. 93] is intended to denote Cynevvulf. There is therefore 
nothing in any of the Riddles to indicate that Cynewulf was a 
wandering minstrel. Finally, the Riddles, on the best authority 
(Sievers), probably antedate Cynewulf." 

In 1902 a careful study of the poem was made by W. W. 
Lawrence and W. H. Schofield. Lawrence declared that the 
poem is a translation from Old Norse. Lines 3, 8, 17, 19 are 
very short, and hint at a strophic structure, as the repetition of 
lines 2 and 3 later in the poem appears to indicate a refrain. 
Some of the difficult phrases in the poem {^on preat cymes ^ to 
/^on) seem like Norse idioms. The alliteration is weak, as might 
be expected in a translation. 

Schofield sought to connect the poem with Teutonic legend. 
He calls it **Signy's Lament," and declares that it represents 
a phase of the Volsungasaga. Signy, the daughter of Volsung, 
has married Siggeir, who treacherously slays Volsung and all his 
sons except Siegmund, who escapes and lives in the forest. Sieg- 
mund and Signy plot to avenge the death of their father and 
brothers. Signy' s two sons by Siggeir are in turn tested by Sieg- 
mund, but failing in courage are slain by him. But a boy born 
to Siegmund by Signy, and thus of Volsung blood on both sides. 



xxvi BIntrolittction 

is bold enough to carry the revenge through. Signy dies with 
Siggeir, not caring for life as long as the task of the blood-feud is 
accomplished. (In after days Siegmund, with his son and 
nephew Sinfjotli, performed many exploits: their names were 
known to the English, see 11. 875 ff. of Beowulf.) In our 
poem Signy speaks, hinting at her connection with Siegmund 
in 11. II — 12, the removal of her cowardly offspring in 11. 16 
and 1 7, her loathed union with Siggeir in II. 1 8 and 19. *Wulf * 
is a word well applied to Siegmund both as outlaw and as head 
of the Wolfing clan. The crux is Eadwacer. Schofield supposes 
an Old Norse au3vakr^** the very vigilant one," not a proper 
noun. 

Bradley retorts that ausvakr is not Old Norse, but new 
American of Schofield' s own coinage, and finds Eadwacer a 
good Enghsh name borne by at least two historical Enghshmen. 
Gollancz declares that Eadwacer is Odoacer (in the Hildebrands- 
lied etc.), and that Wulf applies better to Theodoric than to 
Siegmund. In 1907 Imelmann elaborately connected our poem 
with the Odoacer cycle. It seems that Bradley's view is the 
right one in essentials: the poem is the monologue of a woman 
bewailing her absent lover who is in danger. Whether it may 
be assigned to a Teutonic legend, and if so to which, there seems 
to be as yet no sufficient evidence to show. 

It will be seen (section on Authorship) that Tupper in his 
edition of the Riddles (19 10) denied Cynewulf's authorship; 
he also gave a general adhesion to the views expressed above. 
** The First Riddle is thus unquestionably a lyrical monologue,'* 
he wrote. 

By the end of the year (see Modern Language Notes ^ De- 
cember, 1910) he had made a complete volte-face: ** Now 
all is chaiiged." He revived, with the utmost confidence, the 



31ntroDuction xxvii 

theory that the quondam First Riddle is a cryptogram, giving 
the name of Cynewulf in the form Cynwulf (as in the Cnst 
and the Fates of the Apostles). Apparently the quondam First 
Riddle is a combination of acrostic and charade after '' the Ice- 
landic method." Runes are employed, not the runes themselves 
but their names, or if not their names synonyms for their names, 
with a little further rectification when necessary. Everything 
means something else. The first word, L~eodum^Qyn\ two or 
three other words also = Cyn. In 1. 5 eg- = ea (which is not 
true)=Lagu, the name of the L-rune. In 1. 1 1 bog = boga 
(which is not true)=Yr, one name for the Y-rune. The let- 
ters L and Y, essential to the acrostic, are given in this way 
only. The student must be referred to Tupper's article. But a 
few things have to be said. The Icelandic rlmufy here supposed 
to be imitated, are as dreary as Chaos, but they are consistent. 
They pursue one method consistently. As Tupper says, **In 
the Icelandic r'lmur the synonyms of the runes fill the text to 
the exclusion of other ideas." The first line, <* It is for my peo- 
ple as if one should give them treasure," might, on the Icelandic 
method, stand for the word king. Tupper admits that there is 
no attempt at anything of the kind in the English. That is to 
say, we are asked to believe that the sole and solitary instance 
(for that we offer humble thanks) in our language of a charade 
and acrostic imitated from the Icelandic departs completely from 
the traditional method. Then who could possibly know how 
to interpret it .'' Even the ingenious, original Cynewulf had to be 
intelligible. L'eodum is interpreted Cyn ; but Tupper gives no 
example of a riddle or acrostic in Icelandic or Latin, where the 
hidden word is not defined but has to be guessed from a case of 
a similar word. In the Icelandic, every hne has pointed refer- 
ence, in one way or another, to the hidden meaning : what 



xxviii ^Introduction 

point is there in our refrain, * Ungellc is us * ? Lastly, Cyne- 
wulf's other signatures are not particularly diiEcult to read ; why 
should he have made this riddle undecipherable, one would im- 
agine, even to a man of his own day ? 

It must be added that Tupper proceeds to restore the great 
majority of the riddles to Cynewulf. ** The proper interpreta- 
tion of the * Cynwulf * cryptogram shifts the burden of proof 
to the shoulders of him who endeavours to show that this collec- 
tion of poems, in the main homogeneous, was not (with a few 
exceptions) the work of Cynewulf. . . . The undoubted varia- 
tions in metre, language and style from the usage in the gener- 
erally accepted poems of Cynewulf are after all too slight to 
avail against the explicit evidence of the First Riddle.'* 

IV. Classification 

No rigid classification can be made, and the heading is per- 
haps something too daring. Nevertheless, even an attempt at 
classification may prove to have important bearings on the ques- 
tions of date and authorship. The riddles, it will be seen, are 
not riddles in the modern sense of the word, but enigmas, de- 
scriptions of an object which are intended to be at once accu- 
rate and misleading: the more misleadingly accurate and accu- 
rately misleading, the better. There is so Httle play upon words 
and their meanings that I regard the few cases adduced (31^'*, 
377, 72^3) as uncertain or unintentional. But, apart from 
word-play, several devices are employed, such as the use of 
runic characters, of the names of runic characters, and even of 
secret writing. The riddles vary greatly in length, from one line 
to 108 lines (incomplete); the average length is about 15 lines. 
They vary almost as much in poetic quality: some are barren 
of poetry, some few are among the finest things extant of Old 



31ntroDuction xxix 

English literature. To some extent it would be true to say that 
the poetic quality varies inversely as the true riddle quality, that 
of misleading accuracy; hence we may infer that it is a mistake 
to attempt minute explanation of the most poetic pieces. Both 
length and poetic quality are connected, more or less closely, 
with another aspect under which the riddles must be viewed, 
that of * popular ' or * learned ' origin — Volksratsel and Kunst- 
rdtsel. One might even make a rough canon as follows : There 
is a presumption that a long or highly poetic riddle, and still 
more that a long and highly poetic riddle, is of learned origin ; 
and that a short or unpoetic riddle, and still more that a short 
and unpoetic riddle, is popular, traditional, of folk origin. A 
folk riddle may be worked over by a poet and thus far pass into 
the other class ; almost certainly No. 22, and perhaps Nos. 3 1 
and 32, both beginning with the same learned couplet, are ex- 
amples. In another way an Old English riddle may combine 
popular and learned elements: some of the OE. riddles (as is 
shewn in detail in the Notes) are partly, and two wholly, 
translated from Latin ; so far they are of learned origin; but some 
of the Latin originals contain folk elements. In other instances 
the writer would seem to have started from an English folk riddle, 
and to have elaborated and embellished it with borrowings, at 
times merely of a line, phrase or thought, from a Latin riddle ; 
as an example I would adduce No. 16. This is a subject requir- 
ing further investigation and a treatise to itself. 

One word here as to the amount of the borrowing from the 
Latin (v. sup. ) . In twenty -five riddles at the utmost does the debt 
exceed that of an occasional, often doubtful, line or phrase; 
only six of these are translations or reproductions of the Latin, 
and in only two of the six (nos. 35 and 40, possibly by the 
same translator) is the rendering literal. 



XXX ^Introduction 

We are now in a position to attempt a partial classification. 
Ten riddles must be set aside as defective or fragmentary: nos. 
1 8, 41, 67, 70, 75, 77, 78, 81, 88, 92. The following 
shew clear borrowing from Latin riddles and are to that extent 
learned: nos. 9, 12, 16, 26, 30, 35, 37, 38, 40, 47, 48, 
49, 58, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 83, 84, 85, 86. The following 
nine are among the most poetic of the riddles — some of them 
are poems rather than riddles — and are presumably in the main 
of learned origin (no. 8 is a possible exception): nos. i, 2, 3, 
8, 15, 26, 40, 60, 66. To these the following seven may be 
added, which in their present form I take to be too long and 
sometimes too diffuse in treatment (for the true folk riddle is 
wondrous pregnant) for Volksratsel : nos. 20, 22, 31, 39, 72, 
87, 91. And to these again I would add the markedly Chris- 
tian riddles: nos. 6, 1 1, 40, 48, 55, 59. It seems to be clearly 
implied in Rid. 42S-7: 

Ic on flette maeg 
}?urh rijnstafas rincum secgan, 

pam Pe bee ivitan: 

that the riddles containing runic characters (nos. 19, 24, 64, 
74; the rune in no. 89 is merely scribal), or the names of 
runic characters (nos. 42, 58), are learned, as is undoubtedly 
no. 36 with its secret writing. The Monster riddles, with the 
exception of no. 32 which is doubtful, are among those already 
placed in the learned class. 

The attempt, on the other hand, to assign a popular origin 
to certain riddles is a much more difficult task because, as has been 
said, of the possibility or probability that a later poet may have 
worked over an early folk motive. The absence of lubricity in 
Old English poetry is so remarkable, that the breach of the 
rule in the double entendre riddles (nos. 25, 44, 45, 54, 61, 



3IntroDuctiou xxxi 

62) leads me to attribute to them a folk origin. Where a simi- 
lar trait appears in riddles of learned origin, as in nos. 42 and 
63, it is confined to one sentence or portion of the whole and is 
much less gross. Among other marks of folk riddles may be men- 
tioned: familiarity of the object described, the occurrence of ana- 
logous riddles in other vernaculars, a certain abrupt pregnancy of 
description, shortness, and, generally, absence of the character- 
istic marks of the learned class. On one or more of these grounds 
I incline to class as popular the following numbers: 4, 13, 14 
(Brandl regards the ten occurrences of hw'tlum as a mark of 
folk origin), 21, 23, 27, 28 (note the frequent rimes), 29, 33 
(but there are Latin parallels), 34, 46, 50, 52, 56, 57, 61, 
65, 68, 69, 71 (but the related riddles, 12 and 38, are 
Latin), 76, 86, 90. 

V. Authorship 

The bearing of the last section on the question of authorship is 
clear. The most obvious conclusion is that the collection of riddles 
partakes of the nature of the Exeter Book itself, and is a riddle- 
album, a riddle-anthology. This is the impression left on the 
mind after reading through the collection at a sitting: they are 
a miscellaneous, a very miscellaneous, collection; unity of au- 
thorship seems impossible. Cynewulf may have written some 
of them, for example, nos. i, 2, 3, and 40. But the attribu- 
tion of the whole collection to him belongs to the days when 
he was regarded as the only begetter of the whole Codex Ex- 
oniensis. The plain fact is that there is not a particle of evidence 
for assigning one single riddle to him or to any other namable 
person. 

As long ago as 1891 Sievers urged that the Riddles belong 
to an earlier date than that of Cynewulf {^/f^//tf xiii. pp. 13- 



xxxii ^Introduction 

2i). Rid. 23 shows the change of final b into f in its first 
word, a change that took place about the same time as, or a 
little earlier than, that of i to e, which latter change is recorded 
completed in the name Cynewulf as handed down to us in the 
runes of the Elene. Yet Rid. 23 must have been composed 
before the change of b to f, to give the solution * boga.* (In my 
Notes to that Riddle I have suggested that the change may have 
been already completed before the riddle was composed.) 
Therefore the Riddles are earlier than Cynewulf. This conclu- 
sion Sievers finds to be confirmed by the rune spellings of nos. 
19 and 42. His argument seems to me partly vitiated by the 
assumption that all the riddles are of the same date, which is at 
the least doubtful. But his conclusion as to the non-Cynewulfian 
authorship has been accepted and confirmed by almost all later 
writers. Bradley says (^Mod. Lang. Review, Oct. 191 1): 
•*The arguments of Sievers and others, though not fully con- 
clusive, go far to justify the provisional belief that most of them 
are not his; and no positive grounds of any value have yet been 
adduced in favour of his authorship of any particular piece in the 
collection." With this conclusion even Prof. Tupper agreed 
in his edition of 1 9 1 o. ** In Madert's monograph the final blow 
is dealt to the theory of Cynewulfian authorship of the Riddles.''^ 
** Hardly anyone now believes that the poet had aught to do 
with these problems" (see pp. lix., Ixiii.). 

See also the section on * The quondam First Riddle. * 

VI. Date 

The Codex Exoniensis is assigned by the handwriting to the 
beginning of the eleventh century. But this downward limit is 
admittedly of no use, for by general agreement the Riddles be- 



31ntroDuction xxxiii 

long, in the main, to the great period of OE. poetry, the 8th 
century. The folk elements are no doubt earlier, and some of 
the folk riddles may well be. But for most of the riddles, in the 
form in which they have come down to us, the best assignable 
date is the 8th century. This does not preclude the possibility 
that such a riddle as No. 66, for example, and a few of the 
more diffuse and of the religious pieces (such as no. 59), may 
be of later date. It will have been seen, in the section on Latin 
Riddles, that the date given above accords perfectly with the 
proved borrowing of the riddlers in English from the English 
riddlers in Latin. 

Attempts have been made to assign the collection to the first 
half of that century. Sievcrs {^Anglia xiii.) says that the change 
e > i took place about 750 a.d., and he finds in some riddles 
traces of an earlier orthography. E. Eriemann (see Notes on 
Rid. i) argues that the poet certainly used Eusebius ; that the 
date of Eusebius is not known exactly, but he made use of 
Tatwine's collection, which dates from 732; that Eusebius was 
therefore shortly after Tatwine, so that the OE. poet must be 
placed about 732-740, but in any case before the middle of the 
century. 

With the assumption of one poet and a necessarily 8th-cen- 
tury collection of his works I cannot agree. Just as the Codex 
itself is a collection, so I think it must be regarded as a possi- 
bility that the compiler of the Codex, whose date is quite uncer- 
tain, drew from more than one smaller collection of riddles. 
But it is probable that the great majority of the riddles were first 
written down in the great century of OE. poetry, which was 
also that of our riddlers in Latin, with the exception of Aldhelm. 



xxxiv 3Introt)uction 

VII. The Solutions 

Tupper calls the Riddles ** certainly the most difficult text in 
the field of Anglo-Saxon." Part of this difficulty is due to the 
uncertainty as to the solution of particular riddles with which 
the editor ought to approach his task — an uncertainty that 
should have diminished before he leaves it. Uncertainty as to 
the solution often makes the determination of the true text, and 
thus the translation, equally uncertain. For, where the solution 
is uncertain, conjectural emendation is almost precluded, because 
it is sure to be inspired by a favoured and not proven solution. 

I have endeavoured in this edition to make a clear distinction 
between those solutions which rest upon good grounds and are 
tolerably certain — as when there is distinct similarity to a 
headed Latin riddle, or some hint in runes or otherwise — and 
those which are merely suggested. The latter need not be ac- 
cepted by the student ; if he does not like them he can amuse 
himself by suggesting others. Some riddles (^e.g. no. 4) cer- 
tainly require further investigation. Rather than to put forward 
solutions with all the solemnity of certitude, only to withdraw 
them later in favour of other solutions advanced in the same 
way, surely it is better for the present to confess to uncertainty. 
Trautmann especially errs in this respect ; he fights injudicially, at 
times furiously, for his own interpretation: if even the MS. does 
not accord with his answer, so much the worse for the MS., 
and it is altered accordingly. 

The solution of each riddle, if uncertain, is discussed in the 
first note on each. 



31nti'oDuction xxxv 

VIII. The Gender of x ( = the Unknown Solution) 

Cosijn (Paul and Braune's Beitrage xxxiii. 128-30) says; 
« The poet is particularly careful to respect the gender of the 
object to be guessed. Departures from this rule are to be sus- 
pected ; read therefore Zf/rgr^ in 237; in 247 however g/a^^o does 
not refer to the *higora/ but to zvi/if in 1. i.** Trautmann 
(^Bonner Beitrage, Heft xix. pp. 181, 187) makes and re- 
peats a similar statement : **The OE. riddlers, when they per- 
sonify Xy respect the gender very carefully: a thing whose name 
is masculine, they always represent as a man, feminine, as a 
woman." Accordingly, the solution * Burg ' is disqualified by 
him in Rid. 17 because of the masculine word mundbora in 1. 
I: *^ mundbora kann also nicht das weibliche wort burg an- 
deuten." 

I join issue with these doughty champions in their adoption 
of such an extreme postion. Their statements are true of Latin 
riddles to this extent, that adjectives referring to the solution 
agree with it in gender. For example, in Symphosius no. 34, 
Vulpes, we read : 

Sum versuta doHs, arguto callida sensu. 

But if we turn to the OE. riddles, the argument is pressed fur- 
ther: Something, unknown to the audience (and therefore of 
unknown gender), is personified by the * scop ' ; but he knows 
that the answer is a word of feminine gender, therefore he will 
not use the masculine word mundbora to describe it. No facts 
are adduced in support of this theory: where the text is not in 
accord with it, the text is to be altered, and lengre in 237 is 
at once ruled out. It is possible that glado in 247 agrees with 
wiht in 24", but such agreement is quite abnormal. With re- 
gard to mundbordy it is worth while recaUing the fact that in 



xxxvi 31ntroUuction 

Judith 127 the heroine's female attendant is called her 
* foregenga ' (masculine). Let us look at other cases. Traut- 
mann's solution of Rid. 8 is * Bell/ and OE. ^^/Z? is feminine ; 
yet the poet calls it * eald Efensceop * (masc. ) . In 3 74>s, hit and 
he in following lines apparently both refer to x (OE. blast- 
belg? masculine). In Rid. 39, the pronouns are feminine 
throughout, yet by far the best solution is dagy masculine ; but 
then of course these pronouns can all be made to refer to wiht 
in 11. 1 and 26! In Rid. 40 it will be seen that the gender of 
the adjectives ** wobbles" between masculine and feminine or 
neuter : cp. bradre (50) with widgielra (51) ; leohtre (76) 
and hues ere (80) with heardra (78). What possible solution 
can explain this? In Rid. 44, Trautmann's solution (no doubt 
the correct one, I think) is c^gy feminine, yet it is apparently 
represented by the pronoun he (1. 7). Trautmann says nothing 
of those instances in which x is neuter, but here again the same 
discrepancy of gender is found. His solution of Rid. 50 (again, 
I feel sure, the correct one) isfyr, neuter ; but the riddle opens 
with the masculine word zviga : if mundbora cannot refer to a 
feminine word, can wiga refer to a neuter word ? Once more, 
in Rid. 33 the unknown is his (1. 5), h'^re sylfre (8), seo 
(12). OE. Jj is neuter; what word of feminine gender is here 
referred to ? 

These examples seem to show that the Old English riddlers 
were not minutely careful to observe the gender of Xy any more 
than the Old EngHsh poets and writers in general were scrupu- 
lously accurate in matters of grammar and syntax. From another 
point of view, there is an assignable reason for these changes 
of gender: theriddler's process of accumulating metaphors forces 
a change as he views the wiht in turn as a warrior, a woman, 
and a mere object. 



31ntro0uction xxxvii 

IX. Style 

See what has been said above under the head of Classification. 
Here, in place of formal literary criticism, I offer a Httle of the 
<* sign-post" order. To my thinking, the finest riddles of all 
are the storms at the beginning, particularly no. 3, a magnificent 
poem, something in the spirit of the 104th Psalm. This poem 
alone ought to save the collection from ever being forgotten. No. 
8 (Nightingale) will be a general favourite. It reminds one 
of some of Goethe's little poems, in that it is impossible to ex- 
plain exactly where the charm hes. No. 26 (Bible or Book) 
is a fine bit of poetry. The ideas may not be quite original, but 
the expression of them is. The outburst at the end, on the 
pleasures and advantages to be gained from reading books, is most 
inspiriting, and the httle conceit, of the pen stepping off to take 
a drink and then returning to continue its black journey, is cap- 
ital. No. 60 (Reed) is similar to no. 8 in its evasive charm. It is 
very graceful and pleasing, but without the plaintive fieriness 
of the **eald iefensceop.*' 

Distinctly in the second rank, but very interesting neverthe- 
less, are nos. 15 (Badger) and 40 (Creation). The latter is a 
little overwrought; it is as if the poet had something to say 
greater than the language would bear: this impression is explained 
when the English is compared with the Latin original. All the 
above are poems rather than riddles; there is no attempt to 
mystify the hearer or reader; any of these might be Cynewulfs. 
But the whole collection does not bear one poetic impress. 

Stopford Brooke {E. E. Literature 11. 186) has put into 
better words than mine some of the impressions finally left on my 
mind by a prolonged study of the Old English riddles: **The 
greater number of them escape from the Latin convention, and 



xxxviii ^Introduction 

are as English in matter and feeling as they are in verse. Even 
v^^hen they closely follow for a line or two the Latin original, the 
translation takes an English turn, as if the English verse and 
words compelled a change of thought and sentiment. Nor is 
this the only difference. The writer has the poetic faculty of 
which his models are destitute, and his work is as superior to 
theirs in conception of each subject, in impersonation of it, and 
in imagination, as Shakspere's Hamlet is to its precursor. Those 
who state that these riddles are merely imitations can either not 
have read them, or, having read them, are unable to distinguish 
between what is poetry and what is not poetry. Their excel- 
lence is not however uniform. Some are poor and meagre. . . . 
Others are of an extraordinarily fine quality, as, for example, 
those on the storms and the weapons of war." 

I conclude this unorthodox section with a few sentences from 
a letter of a friend whom I first taught to read Old English and 
then set to read the Riddles. *' One thing I should indeed like, 
only I am afraid you cannot provide it — if the old poet could 
awake from his grave, and come and see what pleasure he can 
still give to some of us a thousand years after his death! My 
friends often laugh at me for liking old-fashioned books — it is 
a hbel ! my foremost love is for Wagner — but I do hold that one 
of the noblest pleasures given to us is when we can join with 
one who is far removed from us, in nation, in habits, in time, 
and feel that we have still common ground ; that humanity is 
the same through all the centuries; that all the prophets and 
poets have told the same tale, if only one can understand it. Nev- 
ertheless, our riddles are very unequal; a few are almost child- 
ish. But at other times, when the singer has got something that 
inspires him, when he is not singing for pay or to amuse his 
audience, how beautifully he can do it!" 



Cl^c Commonct; anglian Eunejs 

{^including all those found in the MS. of the Riddles) 
Letter Rune Sound Name 



A 


1** 


ah 


ac (oak) 


B 


^ 


b 


beorc (birch) 


C 


h 


k 


cen (torch) 


D 


M 


d 


daeg (day) 


£ 


M 


e(eo) 


eh, eoh (horse) 


F 


^ 


f,v 


feoh (pecunia) 


G 


X 


g 


gifu (gift) 


H 


N 


h 


hsgel (hail) 


I 


1 


i 


is (ice) 


L 


h 


1 


lagu (sea) 


M 


M 


m 


mann (man) 


N 


i- 


n 


nied (need) 


O 


E 


o 


OS (god) 


P 


P 


peor« 


R 


R 


r 


rad (riding) 


S 


K^ 


s 


sigel (sun) 


T 


^ 


t 


Tir, Ti 


TH 


V 


«,J.(th 


,dh) j7orn (thorn) 


U 


h 


u 


ur (wild ox) 


w 


f> 


w 


wynn (joy) 


Y 


fii 


y 


yr 


M 


h 


e 


aesc (ash-tree) 


EA 


T 


ea 


ear (ground) 


EO 


Z 


eo 


eoh = Tw (yew) 


(£ 


^ 


S,e 


eSel (fatherland) 



mmm 



!• Fol. lOia 

Hwylc is haelej^a )7aes horse ^ f>aes hygecraeftig 
\>at )7aet maege asecgan, hwa mec on sT^ wraece ? 
ponne ic astige strong, stundu;w rej?e, 
J7rymful )?unie, J^ragum wraece 
5 fere geond foldan, folcsalo baerne, 
raeced reafige, recas stiga^ 
haswe ofer hrofuw, hlin biS on eorfjan, 
waelcwealm wera. ponne ic wudu hrere, 
bearwas bledhwate, beamas fylle 

xoholme gehrefed, hea[h]ur// meahtum 
wrecan on wa)7e wide sended, 
haebbe me on hrycge ])ai Sr hadas wreah 
foldbuendra, fl^sc ^ gaestas 
somod on sunde. Saga hwa mec J7ecce, 

150)7)76 hu ic hatte ]7e )7a hlaest here. 

2. 

HwTlum ic gewlte, swa ne wenaj? men, 
under y)7a ge)7raec eor)?an secan, 

\ l[GrfFz). 10. Ms heanum. 

14. Gr sandc, comparing Genesis 2^, where however the context is entirely 
different. 



2 MiUDle0 

garsecges grund. Gifen bi)? gewreged, "^ 

, fam gewealcen ; 

shwaelmere hlimme'S, hlude grimme^ ; 

streamas sta]7u beata^, stundum weorpa}? 

on stealc hleo);a stane ^ sonde, 

ware ^ waege, ])onne ic winnende 

holmmaegne bT)7eaht hrusan styrge, 
loside s^grundas. Sundhelme ne maeg 

losian, aer mec l^ete, se ])e min latteow bi"(S 

on sTJ;a gehwam. Saga, ]?oncol men, 

hwa mec bregde of brimes faej^mum 

]>onne streamas eft stille weor)7a'S, 
i5y)?a ge]7w^re, J>e mec Eer wrugon. 

3. Fol. lOlb 

Hwilum mec min Frea faeste genearwa'S 
sende^ "ponne under salwonge 
bearm bradan ^ on bid wrice^, 
]7rafa-5 on )7ystru;« );rymma sumne, 
shaetst on enge, )72er me he[a]rd[e] sitcS 
hruse on hrycge : nah ic hwyrftweges 
of )?am aglac [e] , ac ic e)7elstol 

2 {Gr W T,) . 4. Ett proposed flod areered for the missing half line. Cos 
reads {amge wealcan (^ foamy iva-ves), comparing Andreas 1^24. 

3 (Gr W 4). There is no break in the M.s between this riddle and the 
lasty and hwilum has not an initial capital. 

3. Holt "Sone bradan; supported by S'v on metrical grounds and probably 
correct. 

5. Ms heord. 
7. Ms aglaca. 



e 



* hzelejja hrer[u] ; hornsalu wagia-S, 
wera wicstede ; weallas beofiaS 

fosteape ofer stiwitum. Stille J^ynce^ 
lyft ofer londe ^ lagu swige, 
o]?)7aet ic of enge up aj;ringe 
fne swa mec vvlsa]?, se mec wraede on 

^ aet frumsceafte furj^um legde, 

sbende ^ clomme, J?^/ ic onbugan ne mot 
of }>aes gewealde, ])e me wegas taecne^. 
Hwilum ic sceal ufan fps. wregan, 
[streamas] styrgan, ^ to staj^e J^ywan 
flintgraegne flod : famig winne^ 

ow^g wi^ wealle; wonn arlse-S 

^ dun ofer dype, hyre deorc on last 
eare geblonden o]?er fere^S, 
J^aet hy gemittaS mearclonde neah 
hea hiincas. pser bi^ hlud wudu, 

5 brimgiesta breahtm ; blda^ stille 
stealc stanhleo}>u streamgewinnes, 
hopgehnastes, ])onne heah gej^ring 
on cleofu crydej? : ]7^r bi^ ceole wen 
sll);re saecce, gif bine s^ byre^ 

oon pa. grimman tid gaesta fulne, 
|7aEt he scyle rice blrofen weor)7an, 
feore bifohten fsemig rldan 
yj^a hrycgum : )7^r bi^ egsa sum 

3 i. Ms hrera. 

1 8. No gap in Ms, Th streamas. Ms pyran, Th pywan. 



4 Viimt$ 

aeldum geywed, )?ara ]?e ic hyran sceal 
35 strong on stI'Sweg. Hwa gestille"<S )7aet ? 

Hwllum ic )?urhr^se 'p^st me [ride^ on baece], 

won wiegfatu, wide toj^ringe Fol. loa* 

lagustreama full, hwllum Isete eft 

slupan tosomne. Se bi^ swega msest, 
4obreahtma ofer burgum, *j gebreca hludast, 

fonne scearp cyme^ sceo wi]? 6)?rum, 

ecg wi^ ecge ; earpan gesceafte 

fus ofer folcu;w fyre sw^ta*S, 

blacan iTge, "-^ gebrecu fera-S 
45deorc ofer dr[yh]tum gedyne micle, 

fara^ feohtende, feallan l^ta"S 

sweart sumsendu seaw of bosme, 

wsetan of wombe. Winnende fare^ 

atol eored|7reat, egsa astlge^, 
somicel mod]?rea monna cynne, 

brogan on burgum, ])onne blace scotia^ 

scrT|7ende scTn scearpum wsepnum. 

Dol him ne ondr^de^ 'Sa dea'Ssperu ; 

swylte^ hwae)?re, gif him s6^ Meotud 
55 on geryhtu |?urh regn ufan 

of gestune Isete^ strsle fleogan, 

farende flan ; fea )7^/ gedyga^, 

)?ara ]?e ger^ece^ rynegiestes w^pen. 

3 36. Ms on bsBce ride's. TAe change brings the alliterative syllable into 
place and the line scans better. 

45. Mfdreontumj T/i dreohtum (dryhtum). 



^ Ic )?aes orleges or anstelle, 
io]^onne gewlte wolcengehnaste 

jmrh ge]7raec |7ringan )7rimme micle 
• ofer byrnan bosm ; biersteS hlude 

heah hloSgecrod ; ^onne hnige eft 

under lyfte helm londe near, 
ic-^ me [on] hrycg hlade )?aet ic habban sceal 

meahtum gemanad mines Frean. 

Swa ic, )7rymful j^eow, j^ragum winne ; 

hwllum under eor)?an ; hwlluw y)7a sceal 

heah underhnlgan ; hwilum holm ufan, 
rostreamas, styrge; hwTluw stige up, 

wolcnfare wrege, wide fere 
ji swift ^ swIJ^feorm. Saga hwaet ic hatte, Fol. 102b 

oj7]7e hwa mec rSre 'ponne ic restan ne mot, 

o)?)?e hwa mec stae^J^e );onne ic stille beom. 

4- 

Ic sceal J'ragbysig J^egne mlnum 

hringan haefted hyran georne, 

mln bed brecan, breahtme cy)7an 

)7aet me halswri|7an hlaford sealde. 
50ft mec slsepwerigne secg o^j^e meowle 

gretan code ; ic him gromheortum 

winterceald oncwe];e : " Wearm lim 
' gebundenne b[ea]g [berste^ hwilum] ." 

3 65. No gap in Ms ] Gr's emendation. 

4. {Gr W 5). 8. Ms baeg hwilum berste'5. Gr bersteS hwilum /or Me 
alliteration. This is the only one, of several such half-lines, luhich Gr trans- 
poses ,• / hanje transposed them all. 



6 mmt& 

Sef^eah bi)? on j^once ]?egne minum, 
lomedwisum men, me ]?^/ sylfe, 
)?2er wiht wite, ^ wordum min 
on sped maege spel gesecgan. 

5. 

Ic eom anhaga Iserne wund, 

bille gebennad, beadoweorca saed, 

ecgum werig. Oft ic wig seo, 

frecne feohtan ; frofre ne wene, 
s])^t me geoc cyme gu'Sgewinnes, 

£er ic mid aeldum eal forwurde ; 

ac mec hnossia^ homera lafe 

heardecg, heoroscearp, hondweorc smij^a 

bita^ in burguw ; ic a bidan sceal 
iola]?ran gemotes. Naefre Isececynn 

on folcstede findan meahte, 

)7ara )?e mid wyrtum wunde geh^lde ; 

ac me ecga dolg eacen weor^a'S 

J7urh dea^slege dagum "^ nihtum. 

6. 

Mec gesette s6^ sigora Waldend, 
Crist, to compe. Oft ic cwice baerne, 

5 {Gr PF6). 5. Mjmec. 
6. Ett forwur-Se. 

8. Ms Tweorc. 

9. Ms abidan, ivhich may be right. 

6 (Gr fV j). At the head of this riddle and again at the close stands in 
the Ms the rune for S, the name of 'which is Sigel = the sun, ivhich is doubt- 
less the correct solution. See sheet of figures. 



HiDUle0 7 

.unrlmu cyn eor}>an getenge, 

n^te mid nlj^e, swa ic him no hrlne, 
^]}onne mec mln Frea feohtan hate)>. 

Hwllum ic monigra mod arete ; 

hwllum ic [wel] frefre, )?§ ic ^r winne on Fol. 103a 

feorran swT);e : hi )7aes felaS )?eah, 

swylce |;aes oj^res, j^onne ic eft hyra 
^ofer deop gedreag drohta^ bet [e] . 

7- 
Hrasgl min swlga^, ])onne ic hrusan trede 
o)7]?e ])2L wTc huge o]>])e wado drefe. 
Hwllum mec ahebbaS ofer haele];a byht 
hyrste mine ^ );eos hea lyft, 
5-^ mec )7on«^ wide wolcna strengu 
ofer folc byre^ ; fraetwe mine 
swoga^ hlude ^ swinsia^, 
torhte singaS, )7on;z^ ic getenge ne beom 
flode -^ foldan, ferende g^st. 

8. 

Ic )7urh mu]7 sprece mongum reordum, 
wrencum singe, wrixle geneahhe 
heafodw6]7e, hlude cirme, 
healde mine wisan, hleo)?re ne ml);e. 

6 7. Gr inserted wel Jor the alliteration. 

10. Mi betan. 
8 ( Gr JV 9). O'ver this riddle stands the rune for C {see Introduction) ^ 
hut it does not seem to help us to the solution . See sheet of figures. 



8 mMt$ 

sEald afensceop, eorlum bringe 

blisse in burgum ; ]>onne ic bugendre 

stefne styrme, stille on wicum 

sit [ta] ^ [h] nigende. Saga hwaet ic hatte, 

)?[e] swa scire [c]Tge, sceawendwlsan 
lohlude onhyrge, haele]7um bodige 

wilcumena fela w6]7e minre. 

9- 

Mec on j^issum daguw deadne ofgeafu[n] 
faeder ^ modor ; ne waes me feorh ]?a gen, 
ealdor in innan. pa mec [an] ongon 
wel hold me gewedum [|7]eccan, 
sheold ^ freo)7ode, hleosceorpe wrah 
s[w]e arlTce swa hire agen beam, 
o]7)7aet ic under sceate, swa mln gesceapu waron, 
ungesibbum wear^ eacen gieste. 
Mec seo fri)7em2eg fedde sij^j^an, 
ioo)?]?aet ic aweox, widdor meahte 
sl]7as asettan ; heo haefde swjesra ];y l^s Fol. 103b 

suna ^ dohtra, ]>y heo swa dyde. 

8 8. Ms site's nigende. Gr hnigende. Ett [^and Cos) swTgende. 
9. Ms pa swa scire nige. T/t fe. To cige. TAe retention o/'nigende= 
listenings and swa. scire nige = so keenly listen, is tempting, but the ivord is found 
noivhere else, and is unlikely to occur in tivo folloiving lines. 

g {Gr fV 10). I. Mi. ofgeafum. 

3. Gr"" s emendation. 

4. Ms weccan. 
6. Ms snearlice. 



KiDDles; 



10. 

Neb waes mm on nearwe, ^ ic neo|7an waetre, 
flode, underflowen, firgen stream um 
swl]?e besuncen ; ^ on sunde awox 
ufan ypum J7eaht, anum getenge 

5 li]?endum wuda lice mine ; 
haefde feorh cwico, J^a ic of tae^mum cwom 
brimes ';) beames on blacum hraegl [e] . 
Sume w^ron hwlte hyrste mine, 
J?a mec lifgende lyft upp ahof, 

lowind of w^ge ; si|7]7an wide baer 
ofer seolhba^o. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 

II. 

Hraegl is min hasofag; hyrste beorhte, 
reade ^ scire, on reafe [hafu] . 
Ic dysge dwelle, ^ dole hwette 
[on]unr2edsI)?as ; o);rum styre 
snyttre fore. Ic ]7aes nowiht wat, 
p^et heo swa gemaedde, mode bestolene, 
dsede gedwolene, deora)? mine 
won wisan gehwam. Wa him );aes j^eawes, 
si|7)7an Heah bringeS horda deorast, 
logif hi unrsedes ser ne geswlca]?. 

10 (C7r /iT ii). 7. Tr bea[r]mes. Mi hraegl. 
XI i^Gr fV 11). z. Tr\ emendation. C?r mlnum. 
4. Herz s emendation. See note. 



lo Eti3tile0 



12. 

Fotum ic fere, foldan slTte, 

grene wongas, J^enden ic g^est here. 

Gif me feorh losa-S, faeste binde 

swearte Wealas, hwilum sellan men, 
5 HwTlum ic deorum drincan selle 

beorn [e] of bosme ; hwilum mec bryd triede"S 

felawlonc fotum. Hwilum feorran broht, 

wonfeax Wale wege^ ^ 1^7^? 

dol druncmennen, deorcum nihtu^w, 
iowSte"S in waetre, wyrmcS hwilum 

f^gre to fyre j me on fae^me stica]? 

hygegalan hond ; hwyrfe^ geneahhe, 

swife^ me geond sweartne. Saga hwaet ic hatte, Fol. 104* 

)7e ic lifgende lond reafige, 
15*^ aefter dea)?e dryhtum j?eowige. 

13- 

Ic seah turf tredan ; X w^ron ealra, 
VI gebr6]7or ^ hyra sweostor mid ; 
haefdon feorg cwico. Fell hongedon 
sweotol "J gesyne on seles w^ge 
sanra gehwylces. Ne waes hyra 2engum py wyrs, 
ne side py sarre, ]?eah hy swa sceoldon 
reafe blrofene, rodra Weardes 

12 {Gr ff^ i^)- 6. Mi beorn. 

13 {Gr TV i^). See sheet of figures, 6. Ms sarra. 



meahtum aweahte, muj^um slltan 
haswe blede. Hraegl biS genlwad 
loj^am )7e ser forScymene fraetwe leton 
licgan on laste, gewitan lond tredan. 

14. 

Ic waes w^penwiga ; ' nu mec wlonc ]?ece^ 

geong hagostealdmon golde ^ sylfore, 

woum wirbogum. Hwilum weras cyssa'S ; 

hwllum ic to hilde hleo)7re bonne 
5wilgehle]7an ; hwTlum wycg byre)? 

mec ofer mearce, hwTluw merehengest 

fereS ofer flodas fraetwum beorhtne ; 

hwilu;w maeg^a sum minne gefylle^ 

bosm beaghroden ; hwilum ic bordum sceal, 
10 heard, heafodleas, behly)?ed licgan ; 

hwilu;w hongige hyrstum frastwed, 

wlitig, on wage, )72er weras drinca-S ; 

freolic fyrdsceorp hwlluw folcwigan 

wicge wegaS [Iponne ic winde sceal 
issincfag swelgan of sumes b5sme); 

hwllu/w ic gereordum rincas la^ige 

wlonce t5 wine ; hwlluw wraj^um sceal 

stefne minre forstolen hreddan, 

flyman feondscea]7an. Frige hwaet ic hatte. 

14 {Gr W l^). See sheet of figures. 17. Mi wrappum. 



12 HiDDles 



15. 

Hals is min hwit ^ heafod fealo, Fol. 104b 

sidan swa some ; swift ic eom on fej^e ; 

beadowaepen here ; me on baece standa'S her, 

swylce sue on [hlleorum; hllfia^ tu 
Searan ofer eagum ; ordum ic steppe 

in grene graes. Me bi^ gyrn witod, 

gif mec onhzele an onfinde^ 

waelgrim wiga, |7^r ic wic buge, 

b [ol] d mid bearnum ; ^ ic bide ]72er 
10 mid geogu^cnosle, hwonne gaest cume 

to durum minuw. Him bi]? dea^ witod; 

for)7on ic sceal of e^le eaforan mine 

forhtmod fergan, fleame nergan : 

gif he me aefterweard ealles weor]7e^, 
ishine bera^ breost. Ic his bidan ne dear 

re]?es on geruman (nele )7aet ried teal [a] ), 

ac ic sceal fromllce fe]7emunduw 

)?urh steapne beorg str^te wyrcan. 

Ea]7e ic maeg freora feorh genergan, 
2ogif ic maegburge mot mine gelaedan 

on degolne weg J7urh du[ne] J7yrel 

l^[Gr Wj6). 4. Afi swylce 8weon leorum. See note. 
6. Ms grenne. 
9. Ms blod. TA''s emendation. 

15. Herzhreosthera.'^, to the great impro'vement of the metre. Mi biddan. 

16. Ms teale. 

2,1, Ms dum. Gr'f emendation. 



MiDDUflf 13 

swaese ^ gesibbe ; ic me si)7|;an ne j^earf 
waelhwelpes wig wiht onsittan. 
Gif [s]e nrSscea)7a nearwe stlge 
251118 on swa)7e secej?, ne tosSlej? him 
on ])zm gegnpafje gu]7gemotes, 
si);j7an ic Jmrh hylles hrof gersce 
^ )7urh best hrino hildepTlum 
la^gewinnum, );am )7e ic longe fleah. 

16. 

Oft ic sceal wi]? w^ge winnan ^ wij? winde feohtan ; 
somod wi^ |?aw saecce, yonne ic secan gewTte 
eorjjan y|7um ]7eaht : me bi)? se ej^el fremde. 
Ic beom strong |?aes gewinnes, gif ic stille weorJ?e ; fol. 
5 gif me J7aes tos^le^, hi beo^ swl]?ran ])onne ic '°^ 
"] mec slltende sona flymaS ; 
willa^ oj^fergan |?aet ic fri)7ian sceal. 
Ic him ]}i^t forstonde, gif min steort ]7ola^ 
"J mec sti|7ne wi]? stanas moton 
lofaeste gehabban. Frige hwaet ic hatte, 

17- 
Ic eom mundbora minre heorde, 
eodorwlrum faest, innan gefylled 

16 24. Ms gifre. r^'i emendation. 

29. Zu la^gewinnan, ivhich is more consistent ivith II. lO, /J", 5j>, 2^.^ 
and may luell be the true reading. 

17 (Gr W 18). Onjer this riddle stands the rune for B [see Introduction)^ 
and over that ivhat appears to be the rune for L. See sheet of figures. 



14 Hititiles; 

dryhtgestreona. Daegtidum oft 
sp^te sperebrogan ; sped hiy |?y mare 
5fylle mlnre ; fi'^[a] f'set blhealdcS, 
hu me of hrife fleoga^ hyldepilas. 
HwTlum ic sweartum swelgan onginne 
brunum beadowsepnum, bitrum ordum, 
eglum attorsperum. Is mln inna^ til, 
lowombhord wlitig, wloncum deore. 
Men gemunan J^aet me J7urh muj? fare^. 

i8. 

Ic eom wunderlicu wiht : ne maeg word sprecan, 
maeldan for monnum, J?eah ic mu)? haebbe, 

wide wombe 

Ic waes on ceole *^ mines cnosles ma. 

19. 

Ic seah [swoncorne] * |/| ' * R ' * f^ - 

• 1^ • hygewloncne, heafodbeorhtne, 
swi [f ] tne ofer saelwong swl]?e )7r^gan ; 
haefde him on hrycge hilde|7ryj7e. 

17 5. Ms freo. 

iS {Gr ff^ I g). 3,4, There is no gap in the Ms after wombe. Probably 
ive ha've here only a fragment of a longer riddle. After ma stands the sign that 
usually indicates the end of a riddle. 

19 (Gr W 10^. The runes in this riddle have the folloiving •values: II, 
I, 2, SROH = {back-wards) hors ; /. 5, NOM = mon ; /. 6, AGEW = 
aweg (/');//. 7, 8, COFOAH = haofoc = hafoc. 
I. Gr supplied somod (^ together) after seah. 
^ Ms swistne ^ Th^s correction. 



KitiDlcflf 15 

5- ^ • ' P ' • M • naegled ne rad; 
' P ' * X * * M * * P" * widlast ferede 

rynestrong on rade rofne * K ' * f^ * 

• p. .p. -p- -^^ For waes ])y beorhtre, 

swylcra sTj>faet. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 

20. 

Ic eom wunderlicu wiht, on gewin sceapen, 
frean mlnuw leof, faegre gegyrwed. Fol. losb 

Byrne is mln bleofag; swylce beorht seoma[S] 
wir ymb |?one waelgim, )?€ me waldend geaf, 
5se me wTdgalum wTsa^ hwllum 
sylfum to sace, "ponne ic sine wege 
J)urh hlutterne daeg, hondweorc smi|7a, 
gold ofer geardas. Oft ic g^estberend 
cwelle compw^pnuw. Cyning mec gyrwe'S 
10 since ^ seolfre, ^ mec on sele weor|7a^ ; 
ne wyrne^ word lofes, wTsan m^ne^ 
mine for mengo, ]72er hy meodu drinca^S ; 
healde^ mec on hea)?ore, hwllum l^etcS eft 
radwerigne on gerum sceacan 
^ isorlegfromne. Oft ic 6)7rum scod 

frecne aet his freonde ; fah eom ic wide, 
wsepnum awyrged. Ic me wenan ne J?earf 
]7aet me beam wraece on bonan feore, 

19 5. The Ms has quite clearly naegled ne in tivo zvords. 

5,6. Th proposed rad-NGEW = rad-wegn = rad-waegn, riding-wagon. 
See note. 

20 {Gr fF 21). 3. Ms seomad. 



1 6 MMt& 

gif me gromra hwylc guj^e gen^ge'S ; 
zone weor]7e'S slo miegburg gemicledu 

eaforan minum, )7e ic aefter woe, 

nym)?e ic hlafordleas hweorfan mote 

from 'pam healdende, )?e me hringas geaf. 

Me bi^ forS witod, gif ic frean hyre, 
a5gQj7e fremme, swa ic glen dyde 

mlnu;w )?eodne on )7onc, );aet ic )7olian sceal 

bearngestreona ; ic wi)? bryde ne mot 

hsemed habban ; ac me )?aes hyhtplegan 

geno Wynne's, se mec gear [a] on 
3obende legde : for)?on ic brQcan sceal 

on hagostealde haele)?a gestreona. 

Oft ic wTrum dol wife abelge, 

wonie hyre willan ; heo me wom sprece^, 

floceS hyre folmum, firenaj; mec wordum, 
35 ungod gaeleS j . ic ne gyme ^aes compes. 

21. 

Neb is mln ni]?erweard ; neol ic fere Fol. io6a 

^ be grunde graefe, geonge swa me wlsa-S 
har holtes feond ; ^ hlaford min 
[on] woh faereS, weard, aet steorte, 
swrlgaj? on wonge, wege"S mec ^ |7y"S, 
sawe]? on swae^ min. Ic sny)?ige for-S 

20 29. Ms gearo ( = altogether^' B To^s suggestion gearo = geara, impro'ves 
both sense and metre. 

35. There is nothing in the Ms to indicate any lacuna here. 

21 {GrJVzz). 4. Sv^s emendation. 



HtDUleflf 17 



brungen of bear[w]e, bunden craefte, 
wegen on waegne ; haebbe wundra fela. 
Me bij? gongendre grene on healfe, 

lo*;) min swaeS sweotol sweart on 6];re. 
Me );urh hrycg wrecen honga)? under 
an or)7onc pTl, 6)7er on heafde 
faest ^ forSweard feallej? on sidan, 
Y^t ic t6}7um tere, gif me teala )?ena|? 

ishindeweardre )?st biJ? hlaford mIn. 

22. 

iEtsomne cvvom LX monna 
to w^gstae)7e wicgum rldan ; 
haefdon XI eoredmaecgas 
frldhengestas, IIII sceamas. 

sNe meahton magorincas ofer mere feolan, 
swa hi fundedon ; ac waes flod to deop, 
atol yJ7a gej^raec, ofras hea, 
streamas stronge. Ongunnon stlgan |?a 
on waegn weras, ^ hyra wicg somod 
lohlodan under hrunge. pa J^a hors o^baer, 
eh *j eorlas aescum dealle, 
ofer waetres byht waegn to lande : 
swa hine oxa ne teah, ne esna maegen, 
ne f^t hengest, ne on flode sworn, 

sne be grunde wod gestum under, 

21 7. Ms bearme. 

22 {Gr fF 23). 4. Th fyrd-hengestas (= war-horses). 



1 8 mnnit^ 

ne lagu drefde, ne o [n] lyfte fleag, 
ne [u] nder baec cyrde ; brohte hwaej^re 
beornas ofer burnan ^ hyra bloncan mid 
from stae^e heaum, J7aet by stopan up 
aoon 6]?erne ellenrofe Fol. io6b 

weras of wiege ^ hyra wicg gesun-d. 

23- 

Agof is min noma eft onhwyrfed. 

Ic eom wr^tlic wiht on gewin sceapen. 

ponne ic onbuge, ^ me of bosme fare^ 

setren onga, ic beom eallgearo 
5]7aet ic me ]?^/ feorhbealo feor aswape. 

Si]?);an me se waldend, se me j^aet wite gescop, 

leoj^o forl^te'S, ic beo lengre ])onne 2er, 

o]?);aet ic spaete spilde geblonden, 

ealfelo attor, ]?aet ic 2er geap. 
loNe togonge^ ];aes gumena hwylcum 

senigum ea]7e, )7aet ic ]}xr ymb sprice, 

gif hine hrlne^ ]>/^t me of hrife fleoge-5, 

)?aet |?one mandrinc maegne geceapaj?, 

full wer faeste feore sine. 
i5Nelle ic unbunden aenigum hyran, 

nym)?e searos^lod. Saga hwaet ic hatte, 

22 1 6. Ms of. 

17. Ms onder. 

23 {Gr W 24). 7. Cos ivould read lengra to agree 'with the gender of 
the solution boga. 

9. S'v proposes xxox for dtr^for the metre. 



KiDOle^ 19 

24. 

Ic eom wunderlicu wiht ; wrsesne mine stefne: 
hwTlum beorce swa hund, hw'ilum blsete swa gat, 
hwllum gr^de swa gos, hwlluw gielle swa hafoc ; 
hwTluw ic onhyrge )>one haswan earn, 
5guSfugles hleo]?or; hwilum glidan reorde 
muj^e gem^ne, hwilum maewes song, 
J?2er ic glado sitte. • y^ • mec nemna'S, 
swylce • P • *;) • R • ; • 1^ • fulleste-S 
* N * 1 ' I *• ^^ ^^ haten eom 
10 swa ]>a. siex stafas sweotule becna)?. 

25. 

Ic eom wunderlicu wiht, wifum on hyhte, 
neahbuenduw nyt ; n^ngum sce)7)7e 
burgsittendra, nym];e bonan anum. 
Sta)7ol min is steap, heah stonde ic on bedde, 
5neo]7an riih, nathw^r. Ne)7e"S hwllum 
ful cyrtenu ceorles dohtor, Fol. 107* 

modwlonc meowle, ]}£et heo on mec griped, 
rsese^ mec on reodne, reafaS mIn heafod, 
fege^ mec on faesten ; fele)? sona 
10 mines gemotes se[o] )7e mec nearwa^S, 
wif wundenlocc : w^t bi^ J;aet cage. 

24 {Gr W 25). 7-9. The runes stand respectively for GAROHI = 
higora. See ntte. 

25 {Gr fVzd). 4. Holthausen steap-heah on metrical grounds. lo. Ms 
se J Th seo. 



20 Kiuiiletf 



26. 



Mec feonda sum feore besnyj7ede, 
woruldstrenga binow, w^ette si)7)7an, 
dyfde on waetre, dyde eft ]7onan, 
sette on sunnan, Ip^r ic swlj?e beleas 
5herum )7am J^e ic haefde. Heard mec sij^j^an 
sna^ seaxes ecg sindrum begrunden, 
fingras feoldan ; ^ mec fugles wyn 
geond speddropum spyrede geneahhe 
ofer brunne brerd, beamtelge swealg, 

lostreames dsele, stop eft on mec, 
sl]7ade sweartlast. Mec sij^j^an wrah 
haele^ hleobordum, hy[d]e be)7enede, 
gierede mec mid golde ; forj^on me gllwedon 
wr^tlic weorc smi)?a wire bifongen. 

15NU ]7a gereno ^ se reada telg 
^ ]7a wuldorgesteald wide maere[n] 
dryhtfolca Helm ! nales dol wite ! 
Gif min beam wera brucan willa'S, 
hy beo^ ]?y gesundran "j ];y sigefaestran, 

2oheortum |;y hwaetran, ^ ]}y hygebllj^ran, 
ferj^e ];y frodran; habba)? freonda }?y ma 
sw^sra ^ gesibbra, s6]?ra ^ godra, 
tilra ^ getreowra, ];a hyra tyr ^ ead 

26 {Gr JV x'j). 6. Ms seaxsesecge. 
8. Gr geond[sprengde] := sprinkled. 
12. Ms hype. 
16. Ms maere. 



KiDtilrsf 21 

estum yca^, ^ hy arstafum, 
islissum, bllecga^, *^ hi lufan fae[;mum 
faeste clyppa^. p>ige hwaet ic hatte, 
ni|;um to nytte. Nama min is m^re, 
haelej7um gifre, -j halig sylf. Fol. 107b 

27- 

Ic eom weor^ werum, wide funden, 

brungen of bearwum *^ of burghleo);u;«, 

of denum ^ of dunum. Daeges mec wxgun 

fe);re on lifte, feredon mid liste 
sunder hrofes hleo. Haele^ mec si|;|;an 

baj;edan in bydene. Nu ic eom bindere 

^ swingere, sona weorpere ; 

efne to eorj^an hwilum ealdne ceorl. 

Sona J?^/ onfinde^, se ])e mec feh^ ongean 
10 '3 wi^ maegen)7isan minre gensestcS, 

fact he hrycge sceal hrusan secan, 

gif he unr^des ser ne geswTce'S ; 

strengo blstolen, strong on spriece, 

maegene binumen, nah his modes geweald, 
5 fota ne folma. Frige hwaet ic hatte, 

^e on eor);an swa esnas binde 

dole aefter dyntum be daeges leohte. 

27 {Gr //^ 28). 2. TA 5K^^«/(;^ beorghleopum (mountain-slopes'). 
15. yifter hatte in the Ms is a sign sue A as generally indicates the end of 
a riddle. The remainder of the riddle begins on the same line, hut after an 
interval and ivith an initial capital. See sheet of figures. 



22 HiDDle0 

28. 

Bi)? foldan d^l fSgre gegierwed 
mid ]>y heardestan ^ mid )?y scearpestan 
^ mid py grymmestan gumena gestreona. 
Corfen, sworfen, cyrred, j^yrred, 
sbunden, wunden, blaeced, waeced, 
fraetwed, geatwed, feorran laeded 
to durum dryhta, dream bi^ in innan 
cwicra wihta. Clenge^ lenge^ 
)?ara J7e 2Br lifgende longe hwile 
lowilna bruce^, ^ no wi^ sprice^ ; 
"^ ]}onne aefter dea)7e deman onginne-S, 
meldan misllce. Micel is to hycganne 
wisfaestum menn, hwaet seo wiht sy. 

29. 

Ic wiht geseah wundorlice 
horn [um] bitweonuw hujje Isdan, 
lyftfet leohtlic listum gegierwed, FoL loS* 

hu)7e to )7am ham of ]>zm heresTpe ; 
^walde hyre on )7^re byrig bur atimbra[n], 
searwum asettan, gif hit swa meahte. 
Da cwom wundorlicu wiht ofer wealles hrof, 
seo is eallum cu^ eor^buendum ; 

2S (Gr W 29). 2. Gr [heoru] — scearpestan, to supply tht missing 
alliterati've syllable. Cf. Riddle 6, I. 8. 

29 (Gr ff^ 30). 2. Ms horna abitweonum. TA*s emendation in ttxt. 
5. Ms wMe and itimhTam. 



HiDDlC0 23 

ahredde )?a );a ha])e, ^ to ham bedr[a]f 
lowreccan ofer willan ; gewat hyre west )?onan 
fSh]?um feran, for^ onette. 

Dust stone to heofonum ; deaw feol on eorj^an; 
niht forS gewat. N^nig si)>)7an 
wera gewiste )?^re wihte siS. 

30- 
Ic eom llg bysig ; lace mid winde 
bewunden mid wuldre, wedre gesomnad, 
fus forSweges, fyre gebysgad, 
bearu blowende, byrnende gled. 
sFul oft mec gesl)7as sendaS aefter hondum 
])at mec weras ^ wif wlonce cyssa^. 
ponne ic mec onhaebbe, hi onhnlgaj? to me 
monige mid miltse, ])2er ic monnum sceal 
^can upcyme eadignesse. 

29 9. Ms bedraef. 
II. Ms onette'S. 

30 [Gr fV i\). This Riddle is one of the -very feiv 0. E. compositions 
of luhich ive possess tivo texts. They are both in the Exeter Book, folios 
Jo8a and 122b {Th pp. ^f.i2 and 410). The second 'version is the frit riddle 

,. of the second batch ; it is defective in II. 2 and 4. The abo've text is compiled 
from the two 'versions (j4, B). Where they differ^ the rejected reading is 
gi'ven beloiv. 
I. A leg. 
a. B wunden. 
3. B gemylted (= melted^. 

6. B paer and gecyssa'S. 

7. A ~\\i\ onhingajj. 

8. B modge miltsum swa ic mongum sceal. See sheet of figures. 



24 HiDDles^ 

31- 

Is );es middangeard missenlicum 

wisum gewlitegad, wriettum gefrastwad. 

Ic seah sellic );ing singan on raecede ; 

wiht waes [nower] werum on gemonge 
5S10 haefde waestum wundorlicran. 

Ni]?erwear[d] waes neb hyre, 

fet ^ folme fugele gelice ; 

no hwae);re fleogan maeg, ne fela gongan. 

Hwae)7re fe);egeorn fremman onginne^ 
logecoren craeftum, cyrre^ geneahhe 

oft ^ gelome eorlum on gemonge, 

site^ aet symble, steles bide]?, 

hwonne ^r heo craeft hyre cyj^an mote Fol. 108b 

werum on wonge. Ne heo ];^r wiht J?ige^ 
i5)7aes )?e him aet blisse beornas habba[^]. 

Deor, domes georn, hio dumb wuna^ ; 

hwae)7re hyre is on fote f^ger hleo)7or, 

wynlicu wo^giefu ; writhe me ];ince^ 

hu seo wiht maege wordum lacan 
2o)?urh fot neoj^an fraetwed hyrstum. 

Hafa^ hyre on halse, ]}onne hlo hord wara"S 

baer, beagum deall, br6)?or sine, 

mieg mid m2eg[um]. Micel is t5 hycgenne 

wisum wo^boran, hwaet [sTo] wiht sie. 

31 (Gr fV 32). 4. M.t on; Gr no; Hevz nower (^for the form cf. 
Crist, igg). 

6. ilii niperwear'S. 15. JWi habbad. 

23. Mt maegne. 24. Sio supplied by Th. Cf. Riddle 32, /. 14. 



HiDDle0 25 

32. 

Is l^es middangeard missenlicum 

wTsum gewlitegad, wrsEttum gefraetwad. 

Slj7um sellic ic seah searo hweorfan, 
■ grindan wi^ greote, giellende faran. 
sNaefde sellicu wiht syne ne folme, 

exle ne earmas ; sceal on anum fet 

searoceap swifan, swij^e feran, 

faran ofer feldas ; haefde fela ribba ; 

muS WJES on middan. Moncynne nyt 
10 for foddurwelan folcscipe dreogeS, 

wist in vvige^, ^ werum gielde^ 

gaful geara gehwam J7ass ])e guman bruca'S 

rice *;j heane. Rece, gif \>u cunne, 

wis worda gleaw, hwaet sTo wiht sTe. 

33- 
Wiht cwom aefter wege wrsetlicu iTJ^an, 
cymlic from ceole cleopode to londe, 
hlinsade hlude ; [h] leahtor waes gryrelic, 
egesful on earde, ecge w^ron scearpe. 
5 Waes hlo hetegrim, hilde to s^ne, Fol. 109a 

biter beadoweorca ; bordweallas grof 

32 {Gr PF li). 8. Mi fella. 
10. Ms fere. 

33 {Gr JV 34) 
3. Mi leahtor. 

5. Her-z iuggtiti tosaege {inclined) or onsSge (^aaailing). 



26 Mit«)le0 

heard, hT|7ende; heterune bond. 
Saegde searocrasftig ymb hyre sylfre gesceaft : 
"Is mln modor, maegpja cynnes 
io)7aes deorestan, y^et is dohtor mln, 
eacen up liden ; swa J^aet is aeldum cu)?, 
firum on folce, ]}t^t seo on foldan sceal 
on ealra londa gehwam lissum stondan.'* 

34. 
Ic wiht geseah in wera burgum 
seo ]>2dt feoh fede-S ; hafa"S fela t6)7a ; 
nebb bij? hyre aet nytte ; nij^erweard gonge^S, 
hi)7e^ holdllce ^ to ham tyh^, 
5W§eJ;e^ geond weallas, wyrte sece^. 
Aa heo j^a finde-S )7a ]}c faest ne bij? ; 
l^ete^ hio J7a wlitigan, wyrtum faeste, 
stille stondan on sta)7olwonge, 
beorhte blican, blowan *j growan. 

35. 

Mec se wseta wong wundrum freorig 
of his inna]7e ^erist cende. 
Ne wat ic mec beworhtne wulle flysum, 
hSrum )?urh heahcraeft, hygejjoncum min. 
sWundene me ne beo^ wefle, ne ic wearp hafu, 
ne ]7urh J?reata gej^raecu ]7rad me ne hHmme^, 
ne aet me hrutende hrlsil scrl)7e^, 

33 9. Ms maegda. 



HiDDlfflf 27 

ne mec ohwonan sceal amas cnyssan. 

Wyrmas mec ne awsefan wyrda craeftum, 
o]>3. ]>e geolo godwebb geatwum fraetwa-S. 

Wile mec mon hwaej^re sej^eah wide ofer eor|7an 

hatan for haele)?u>7z hyhtlic gewSde. 
' Saga, so^Scwidum, searo]K)ncum gleaw, 

wordum wTsfacst, hvvapt |?is gew^d[e] sy. Fol. logb 

36- 

Ic wiht geseah on wege feran, 

SCO waes wrietlice, wundrum, gegierwed; 

haefde feowere fet under wombe, 

^ ehtuwe, monn h [/>] Af [/>], wuf mx U/ [r]^ 
-.y'hors qxxs ufon on hrycge. 

Haefde tu fi);ru ^ twelf eagan 

") siex heafdu. Saga hwaet hlo wjere. 

For flodwegas ; ne waes ]>a;t na fugul ana, 

ac );ier waes aeghwylces anra gellcnes, 
) horses ^ monnes, hundes ^ fugles, 

*j eac wifes wlite. pu wast, gif )7u const, 

to gesecganne, J?^/ we s6^ witan, 

hu J^^re wihte wise gonge. 

35 (Gr ^ 36). 14. Ms gewjedu. 

36 {Gr W 37). 4. Mi certainly has ^' A iv M wiif mxlk fiv'' (sec 
the Notes and my tracing). Gr ehte we, /.*. ehtun we, preterite of ehtan, 
eahtan [=:eahtian], aestimare. 

9. Gr suggests fold-wegas {appro'ved by Cos). 



28 mmt& 

37- 
Ic ]>3. wihte geseah ; womb waes on hindan 
)7rij7um a);runten. pegn folgade, 
maegenrofa man, ^ micel haefde 
gefered J^ier [j^aet] hit f[y] Ide fleah ]?urh his cage. 
5Ne swyltcS he symle ponne syllan sceal 
inna"5 )?am 6}7ruw, ac him eft cyme^ 
bot in bosme, bl^ed bi|? arsered ; 
he sunu wyrce^, bi^ him sylfa faeder. 

38. 

Ic ])2i wiht geseah wsEpnedcynnes 
geogu^myrwe gr^edig. Him on gafol forlet 
Fer^fri);ende feower wellan 
scire sceotan, on gesceap fjcotan. 
5 Mon ma}7elade, se ]>e me gesaegde : 
" Seo wiht, gif hlo gedyge^, duna brice^ ; 
gif he tdbirste^, binde^ cwice.'* 

39- 
Gewritu secga^ |;aet seo wiht sy 
mid moncynne miclum ti[d]um 
sweotol ^ gesyne ; sundorcraeft hafa^ 
mara[n] micle ponne hit men witen, 

37 (Gr PF 38). 4. Ms pasr hit felde. 

38 (Gr^ 39). 2. Holthausen's emendation. 4. B To suggests ges- 
ccappeotan [teat). 

^g [Gr fF 4.0). 2. Ms ticlum, evidently a case of dittography. 
4. Mi maram. 



HiUDlCflf 29 

5 Heo wile gesecan sundor ^ghwylcne Fol. no* 

feorhberendra ; gewIteS eft feran onweg ; 

ne biS hlo nSfre niht );^r o|;re ; 

ac hlo sceal wideferh wreccan laste 
I hamleas hweorfan ; no ])y heanre bi]?. 
T>Ne hafa^ hlo fot ne folm, ne sefre foldan hran, 

ne eagen [a hafaS] ^g|7er twega ; 

ne muS hafa);, ne wij? monnum spraec ; 

ne gewit hafa^ : ac gewritu secga^ 

J^aet seo sy earmost ealra wihta, 
5]7ara ])e aefter gecyndum cenned waere. 

Ne hafa^ hlo sawle ne feorh ; ac hlo sT)7as sceal 

geond )?as wundorworuld wide dreogan. 

Ne hafa)? hlo blod ne ban ; hwaej^re bearnum wear^ 

geond )7isne middangeard mongum to frofre. 
aNsefre hlo heofonum hran, ne to helle m5t ; 

ac hlo sceal wideferh Wuldorcyninge [s] 

larum lifgan. Long is to secganne 

hu hyre ealdorgesceaft aefter gonge^, 

woh wyrda gesceapu. paet [is] wr^tlic )?ing 

t5 gesecganne : so^ is ^ghwylc 

];ara ])e ymb pzs wiht wordum becne^. 

Ne hafaS he[o] 2enig lim, leofa]? efne sej7eah. 

Gif J>u maege reselan recene gesecgan 

so)?um wordum, saga hwaet hlo hatte. 

39 1 1 . Ms eagene ; hafalS supplied by Gr. 
18. beornum (?) 
21. Ms wuldorcyninge. 
24. Is supplied by Th. 
27. Mi he hxnig. Cf. II. lOy 16, 18. 



30 3UiUiJle0 

40. 

Ece is se Scyppend, se )7as eor[>an nu 

wre^stu)?um ^ f>as world healde^; 

rlc[e] is se Rcccend ^ on ryht Cyning, 

ealra Anwalda, eor)7an ^ heofones ; 
shealde^ ^ wealde^, swa he utan hweorfe^ ymb )?as. 

He mec wraetllce worhte aet frym)7e, Foi. nob 

J;a he );isne ymbhwyrft aerest sette j 

heht mec waeccende wunian longe, 

)7aet ic ne slepe si)7)?an aefre : 
jo'3 mec semminga slaep ofergonge)?, 

beo^ eagan min ofestum betyned. 

pisne middangeard meahtig Dryhten 

mid his onwalde ^eghw^r styre^ ; 

swa ic mid Waldendes worde ealne 
i5)?isne ymbhwyrft utan ymbclyppe. 

Ic eom to }?on blea'S )?aet mec bealdllce maeg 

gearugongende grima abregan : 

"J eofore eom seghwser cenra, 

]}onne he gebolgen bidsteal giefe^. 
aoNe maeg mec oferswI}>an segnberendra 

jenig ofer eorj^an, nym];e se ana God 

se yisne hean heofon healde); ^ wealdej?. 

Ic eom on stence strengre [micle] 

'ponne ricels o]>]>e r5se sy, 

40 (Gr /i^4i). 3. Ms TIC. 5. Mj ymb pas utan hweorfe^. 
23, 25, 56, 61. Gr'f emendations. No gaps in tie Ms. 



MiDDle^ 31 

25 [)?€ swa Snllce] on eor);an tyrf 

wynlic weaxe^ ; ic eom wr^stre ^onne heo. 

peah )7e lilie sy leof moncynne, 

bcorht on blostman, ic eom betre J7on«^ heo. 

Swylce ic nardes stenc nyde oferswI|;e 
30 mid minre swetnesse symle ^ghwser : 

^ ic fulre eom ])onne yis fen swearte 

]}t^t her yfle adelan stince^. 

Eal ic under heofones hwearfte recce, 

swa me leof Faeder Iserde aet frym)7e, 
35)7aet ic |7a mid ryhte reccan moste 

);icce ^ )7ynne, )?inga gehwylces 

onllcnesse seghwser healde. 

Hyrre ic eom heofone ; hate)? mec Heahcyning 

his deagol ]?ing dyre blhealdan : 
4oeac ic under eor)?an eal sceawige, 

wo[nn] wra^scrafu wra)7ra g [^] sta. FoL m* 

Ic eom micle yldra ^onne ymbhwyrft |7aes 

o);)7e ]?es middangeard meahte geweorJ;an : 

"j ic giestron waes geong acenned 
45m2ere to monnum j?urh mInre modor hrif. 

Ic eom fsgerre fraetwum goldes, 

]?eah hit mon awerge wirum utan : 

ic eom wyrslicre ^onne )7es wudu fula 

40 41. Ms worn — an unexampled form for accusati've plural. The choice 
lies betiueen wonn and won {nveak plural of woh). The former makes the 
better sense. — It is more than possible that wrapra is an instance of ditto- 
graphy ; perhaps ive should read awyrgdra. Ms gcsta j cf. Guthlac, j6^. 

4i. Ms }>£BS. 



32 Mii)Dle0 

o^"Se J?is waro^ ]>e her aworpen lige^. 
50 Ic eor]7an eom seghwser br^dre, 

*i widgielra 'ponne J7es wong grena : 

folm mec maeg blfon, ^ fingras J?ry 

utan eaj?e ealle ymbclyppan. 

Heardra ic eom "j caldra 'ponne se hearda forst, 
55hrlm heorugrimma, ponne he to hrusan cyme^ : 

[ic eom] Ulcanus upirnendan 

leohtan leoman, lege, hatra. 

Ic eom on goman gena swetra, 

ponne )7u beobread blende mid hunige : 
6oSwylce ic eom wra]?re ponne wermod sy, 

[|7e] her on hyrstum heasewe stondej?. 

Ic mesan masg meahtelicor 

^ efnetan ealdum |?yrse : 

^ ic ges^lig maeg symle lifgan, 
65^eah ic ^tes ne sy sefre to feore. 

Ic maeg fromlTcor fleogan ponne p^rnex 

oJ?]7e earn o)7)7e hafoc 2efre meahte ; 

nis zefFerus se swifta wind 

]?aet swa fromlTce maeg feran geghw^r 
70 me is snaegl swiftra, snelr[a] regnwyrm, 

^ fenyce fore hrej^re ; 

i[s] l^aes gores sunu gonge hraedra 

J?one we wifel wordu^ nemna'S. Fol. mb 

4063. Mj Jjyrre. TA suggested \>yTse. 
70. Ms snelro pon. 
72. Ms ic. 



KiDOlrfif 33 

Hefigere ic eom micle ])onne se hara Stan 
750)7)76 unlytel leades clympre : 

leohtre ic eom micle )7on«(? ]7es lytla wyrm 

);e her on flode g^^ fotum dryge. 

Flinte ic eom heardra ]>g yis fyr drlfej? 

of )7issum strongan style heardan : 
?ohnescre ic eom micle halsrefe)7re 

seo her on winde waewe^ on lyfte. 

Ic eor)7an eom seghw^r br^dre, 

^ widgelra ]>onne )?es wong grena ; 

ic uttor eal ymbwinde 
?5wrStlIce gewefen wundorcraefte. 

Nis under me ^nig o)7er 

wiht waldendre on worldlife. 

Ic eom ufor ealra gesceafta 

)7ara )7e worhte Waldend user, 
)ose mec ana maeg ecan meahtum 

ge)7eon )7rymme )7aEt ic on[)7uni]an ne sceal. 

Mara ic eom ^ strengra ])onne se micla hwael, 

se )?e garsecges grund blhealde^ 

sweartan syne ; ic eom swi)7re ]>onne he : 
)5swylce ic eom on maegene mlnum l^sse 

40 77. M; flonde. 84. Holthausen \c uXXox \tz%s] on metrical grounds ; 

cp. I. 53' ^ 

91. Mf onrinnan. Gr'' s emendation, nectisitated by the alliteration. Nei- 
ther onrinnan nor on)7unian occurs eheivhere. Perhaps ive should read punian, 
a common tvord occurring tivice elsewhere in the Riddles (l, 4 ; 45> 2), and in 
The Soul to the Body ^o {Vercelli Ms) apparently in the sense required here. 

94. Her% proposes sweart ansyne. Cf. faeger onsyne in Rune-poem //. 



34 HiUDlefi! 

yonne se hondwyrm, se )?e haelej^a beam, 
secgas searo]?oncle, seaxe delfa^. 
Ne hafu ic in heafde hwlte loccas 
wrseste gewundne, ac ic eom wide calu ; 

loone ic breaga ne bruna brucan moste, 
ac mec bescyrede Scyppend eallum : 
nu me wrStllce weaxa^S on heafde, 
'pat me on gescyldru/w sclnan motan 
ful wr^tllce, wundne loccas. 

105 Mara ic eom ^ fettra J^onw^ amaested swin, 
bearg bellende on bocwuda ; 
won, wrdtende wynnum lifde, 



pipt he 



41. 



* 
edniwu. Fol. xii* 



past is moddor monigra cynna, 
)7aes selestan, ];aes sweartestan, 
]7aes deorestan, )7aes pe dryhta beam 
5ofer foldan sceat to gefean agen. 
Ne magon we her in eorj^an owiht lifgan, 
nym^e we brucen J?aes ]?a beam do^. 
p£^t is to ge)7encanne Jjeoda gehwylcum, 
wisfaestuw werum, hwaet seo wiht sy. 

40 108. There is no gap in the Ms here^ but it is evident that this riddle 

has no end and the next no beginning. 



42. 

Ic seah wyhte wraetlice twa 

undearnunga ute plegan 

hsemedlaces : hwltloc anfeng 

wlanc under wSdum, gif );aes weorces speo[w], 
sfaemne fyllo. Ic on flette mseg 

J7urh runstafas rincum secgan, 

])3.m |?e bee witan, bega aetsomne 

naman ]7ara wihta. pser sceal Nyd wesan 

twega d])er *^_se torhta JEsc 
loan an llnan, Acas twegen, 

Haegelas swa some, hwylc [)?]aes hordgates. 

c^gan craefte pa. clamme onleac, 

pe ])a. raedellan wi^ rynemenn 

hygefaeste heold heortan, bewrigene 
i5or)?oncbendum. Nu is undyrne 

werum ast wine, hu ]7a wihte mid us 

hean mode twa hatne sindon. 

43- 
Ic wat indryhtne, ae)7elum deorne 
giest in geardum, |?am se grimma ne maeg 
hungor sceSSan ne se hata );urst, 
yldo ne adle. Gif him arllce 

42 {Gr fy /^i). 4. Mi speop. 
1 1 . Ms waes. 

17, Mi sindon. Ic {the last ivord of this riddle and the first of the next) 
on the same line. 



36 3KiUDle0 

5esne ]7ena^, se ■Se a gan sceal 

on |?am si^fate, hy gesunde aet ham 

finda^, witode him, wiste ^ blisse, 

cnosles unrim ; care, gif se esne 

his hlaforde hyrcS yfle, Fol. 112b 

lofrean on fore Ne wile forht wesan 

br6)?or 6)?rum ; him ]?aet bam sce^e^S, 

])onne hy from bearme begen hweorfa'S 

anre magan ellorfuse, 

moddor ^ sweostor. Mon, se |7e wille, 
i5cy|?e cynewordum, hu se cuma hatte 

e^)?a se esne, ]?e ic her ymb sprice. 

44. 

Wr^tlic honga^ bi weres )7eo, 
frean under sceate ; foran is ]7yrel ; 
bi-S sti]? ^ heard, stede hafa^ godne. 
ponne se esne his agen hraegl 
5ofer cneo hefe^, wile ]7aet cu)7e hoi 
mid his hangellan heafde gretan, 
J7aet he efelang 2er oft gefylde. 

45. 
Ic on wincle gefraegn w[aces] nathwaet 
l^indan ^ )?unian, Jjecene hebban. 
On )7aet banlease bryd grapode 

45 (Gr JV /^G). I, Ms weax. Apparently nathwzet is always construtd 
wit A a genitive. Weax, waXj looks like a primitive pun of the scribe'' s. 



Kilit)le0 37 

hygewlonc hondum ; hraegle )?eahte 
5)j[i]ndende )?ing [;eodnes dohtor. 

46. 

Waer saet aet wine, mid his wifum twam, 
-] his twegen suno -^ his twa dohtor, 
swase gesweostor, ^ hyr[^] suno twegen, 
freolico frumbearn ; faeder waes )72erinne 
5)7ara ae]7elinga Sghwae"Sres mid, 
eam ^ nefa. Ealra wseron fife • 
eorla -^ idesa insittendra. 

47- 
Mo^^e word fr^t. Me J^aet J7uhte 
wr^tHcu wyrd, )7a ic );aet wundor gefraegn, 
)7aet se wyrm forswealg wera gied sumes, 
J^eof in )?ystro J?rymfaestne cwide 
5"^ ]7aes strangan sta]7ol. Staelgiest ne waes 
wihte ])y gleawra, J7e he ]7am worduzw swealg. Foi. 113a 

48. 

Ic gefrzegn f [o] r haelej^um hring [^r] endean 
torhtne butan tungan, tila, J^eah he hlude 

45 5. AIs prindende. TAere is little to choose betiveen pindende and prin- 
tende, both meaning ^^ sivelling,''^ 

46 (Gr ^^47). 3. Ms hyre. 

47 (Gr pf^ ^S). 6. Ms swealg. Ic (the last ivord of this riddle and the 
first of the next") on the same line. 

48 (Gr W \^). I. Mifer. 

a. Gr inserted reordian after tila, and put the next three ivords at the be- 



38 HiUJJto 

stefne ne cirmde strongum worduw. 
Sine for secgum swTgende cwae^ : 
5" Gehsele mec, Helpend g^esta ! " 
Ryne ongietan readan goldes 
guman, galdorcwide ; gleawe be);uncan 
hyra h^lo to Gode, swa se bring gecwae'5. 

49- 

Ic wat eardfaestne anne standan 

deafne dumban, se oft daeges swilge^ 

]7urh gopes bond gifrum lacum. 

Hwilu[m] on 'ps.m wicum se wonna )?egn, 
5 sweart ^ saloneb, sende^ 6]7re 

under g5man bim golde dyrran, 

]7a ae)7elingas oft wilnia'S, 

cyningas ^ cwene. Ic ]>^t cyn nu gen 

nemnan ne wille, J;e bim to nytte swa 
10*3 to dug)?um do|7, j?^/ se dumba her, 

eorp unwita, xr f [o] rswilge^. 

50. 

Wiga is on eor)?an wundrum acenned 
dryhtum to nytte of dumbum twam, 

ginning of I. j>, luhere they ivill not ican. It is of course possible that there is 
something missing after tila, as the editors assume ; hut there is no gap in the 
Ms, and the passage as printed abo-ve is not ivorse doggerel than is found in 
several other riddles. I find that Klb has anticipated my reading of I, 2. 
49 (Gr W 50). 4. Ms hwilu mon. 
1 1 . Ms fer swilgetJ. 



torht atyhted, }7one on teon wige^ 

feond his feonde. F [o] rstrangne oft 
5wlf hine wrl^. He him wel here^, 

j7eowa)7 him gej^wsere, gif him )7egnia-5 

maege^ *;) maecgas mid gemete ryhte, 

fedaS hine fegre ; he him fremum stepe-S 

life on lissum. Leana^ grimme, 
o)7e hine wloncne weor|7an laete^. 

Si- 
lt seah wrietlice wuhte feower 

samed sl)7ian ; swearte wSran lastas, Fol. 113b 

swa)7u swl)7e blacu. Swift waes on fore, 
fuglum fr[o]mra fleotgan lyfte ; 
5 deaf under y])e. Dreag unstille, 
winnende wiga, se him w[e]gas taecne]? 
ofer fseted gold feower ealluw. 

52. 

Ic seah rSpingas in raeced fergan, 
under hrof sales, hearde twegen ; 
)7a wseron gen[u]mne, nearwum bendum, 
gefeterade faeste togaedre. 
5 para o)?rum waes an getenge 

50 {Gr W 51). 4. Ms fer strangne. 

51 {Gr W f^-i). 4. Mi frumra. 
6. Mi waegas. 

52 (Gr ^ 53). 3- Mi genamnc, ivhich Gr retains and renders gleich- 
namigcn, namesakes. 



40 MlDJJletf 

wonfah Wale, seo weold hyra 
bega sTpe bendum faestra. 

53- 

Ic seah on bearwe beam hlifian 
tanum torhtne ; f>aet treow waes on wynne, 
wudu weaxende. Waeter bine ^ eorJ;e 
feddan f^gre, o)7];aet he frod dagum 

son oj^rum wear^S, aglachade 
deope gedolgod, dumb in bendum, 
wri|;en ofer wunda, wonnum hyrstum 
foran gefraetwed. Nu he f^cnum w[e]g 
|?urh his heafdes maeg[en] hildegieste 

looj^ruw ryme"S; oft by an yst[e] strudon 
hord aetgaedre. Hraed waes ") unlaet 
se aeftera, gif se arra fSr genam ; 
nan in nearowe ne);an moste. 

54. 
Hyse cwom gangan, ]>2er he hie wisse 
stondan in wi[n]sele; stop feorran to 
hror haegstealdmon, hof his agen 
hrasgl hondum up, h[r]and under gyrdels 
5 byre stondendre sti)7es nathwaet, 

53 {Gr ;^54). 8. Miwaeg. 

9. Ms masg. 

10. Ms hy an yst. T/i on yst, furiously. My emendation in the text. 

54 (Gr ^ 55). 2. Mr wine sele. 
4. Ms rand. 



KtDDles^ 41 

worhte his willan ; wagedan buta. 

pegn onnette, waes j^ragum nyt, 

tillic esne ; teorode hwaepre 

aet stunda gehwam strong ^r);on[ne] hie 5, Foi. 114* 

werig )7aes weorces. Hyre weaxan ongon 

under gyrdelse j?aet oft gode men 

fer^)7um freogaiS ^ mid feo bicga'S. 

55. 

Ic seah in heall, J^jer haele^ druncon, 
on fiet beran feower cynna : 
wr^etlic wudutreow '3 wunden gold, 
sine searobunden, ^ seolfres d^l 
^ rode tacn, )7aes us to roderum up 
hlsedre rierde, ser he helwara 
burg abriece. Ic pass beames maeg 
ea)?e for eorlum ae)7elu secgan : 
)?2er waes hlin ^ a[c] ^ se hearda iw 
^ se fealwa holen. Frean sindon ealle 
nyt aetgaedre ; naman habba^ anne, 
wulfheafedtreo, J^aet oft wsepen abaed 
his mondryhtne, ma^m in healle, 
goldhilted sweord. Nu me [gieddes J?isses] 
ondsware ywe, se hine onmede 
wordum secgan, hu se wudu hatte. 

54 9. Ms j)on. 

55 {Gr W 56). 9. Mi ace. 

14. Ms pisses gieddes. Herz's emendation for the alliteration. 



42 UiOSlesi 

S6. 

Ic waes Jjsrinne, ]>ser ic ane geseah 
winnende wiht wido bennegean, 
holt hweorfende ; heaJ?oglemma feng, 
deopra dolga. Daro}>as w^ron 
5we[a] J>^re wihte, ^ se wudu searwum 
faeste gebunden. Hyre fota waes 
biidfaest 6]?er ; o]?er bisgo dreag, 
leolc on lyfte, hwllum londe neah. 
Treow waes [|^am] getenge, )?€ ]7^r torhtan stod 
loleafum bihongen. Ic lafe geseah 
minum hlaforde, J7^r haele^ druncon, 
)7ara flan[geweorca] on flet beran. 

57- 
Deos lyft byre^ lytle wihte 

ofer beorghleoj7a, J7a sind blace swlj^e, Fol. ii4i> 

swearte, salopade. Sanges ro[f]e 
heapum fera^, hlude cirma^ ; 
5 treda^ bearonaessas, hwilum burgsalo 
ni)?)7a bearna. Nemna^ hy sylfe. 

56 (Gr fF 57). 5. Ms weo, iv/iicA Gr. glosses as plural of woh. But 
see S-v, § 2gs, N. i. 

9. Some such changes as those made in the text seem necessary. Gr in his 
** Sprachschatz " gi-ves getenge pam pe (ei ^ui\; but this makes pam, instead 
of treow, the 'virtual subject of stod. 

12. Gr'i emendation. 

57 {Gr W 58). 3. Ms rope. 



IStDOlefC 43 

S8. 

Ic wat anfete ellen dreogan 

wiht on wonge. Wide ne fere's, 

ne fela rlde^, ne fleogan maeg 

}7urh sclrne daeg, ne hie scip fere^, 
5naca naegledbord ; nyt biS hwaej^re 

hyre [monjdryhtne monegum tldum. 

Hafa^ hefigne steort, heafod lytel, 

tungan lange, to^ nsenigne, 

Tsernes d^l ; eor^graef pae]7e^. 
oW^tan ne swelge)?, ne wiht itej?, 

fo)7res ne gltsaS, fere^ oft swa|7eah 

lagoflod on lyfte ; life ne gielpe^, 

hlafordes gifum, hyre^ swaj^eana 

)?eodne sinum. pry sind in naman 
5ryhte runstafas ; J^ara is Rad f[o]r[ma]. 

59- 
Ic seah in healle, bring gyl[d]enne 
men sceawian modum gleawe, 
ferf>|7uni frode. Fri]?ospe[de] baed 
God nergende g^ste sTnum 
5se )7e wende wri]?an. Word aefter cwae'S 

58 {Gr W 59). 6. TVi emendation. 

15. Mi furum. It is possible that ive ought to read frum {frst^^ of 
IV hie h furum may represent the scribe's pronunciation, 

59 (Gr fV 60). I. Mi gylddenne. 
3. Ms frifo spe, at the end of a line. 



44 HiDDles; 

bring on hyrede, H^elend nemde . 

tillfremmendra, him torhte in gemynd 

his Dryhtnes naman dumba brohte, 

^ in eagna gesih^, gif )?aes aej^elan 
logoldes tacen ongietan cuj^e, 

Dryht[en] dolgdon 

Swa )7aes beages benne cwSdon. 

Ne maeg, J^sere bene 

2eniges monnes ung[e]fullodre, 
15 Godes ealdorburg g^est gesecan, 

rodera ceastre. R^ede, se )7e wille, 

hu 'Saes wr^etlican wunda cwaeden 

hringes to haele]?um, )?a he in healle waes Fol. 115*! 

wylted ^ wended wloncra folmum. 

60. 

Ic waes be sonde ssewealle neah, 
aet merefaroj^e ; minum gewunade 
frumsta)7ole faest. Fea senig waes 
monna cynnes, ]7aet minne pxr 
5 on ansede eard beheolde, 
ac mec uhtna gehwam y^ sio brune 
lagufae^me beleolc. Lyt ic wende, 
]>at ic xr oJ7)?e si^ ^fre sceolde Fol. 123a 

ofer meodu [setla] mu^leas sprecan, 

5911,13. It is e-vident from the alliteration that words are missing 
hercy though there are no gaps in the Ms. 
14. Ms ungafuUodre, 
60 {Gr W 61). 9. No gap in the Ms. 



KiDrjles; 45 

wordum wrixlan. p^/ is wundres diel 
on sefan searolic )?aw )?e swylc ne conn, 
hu mec seaxe[s] ord ^ seo swTJ^re bond, 
eorles inge)7onc ^ ord somod, 
)?ingum ge)?ydan, |7aet ic wi); )7e sceolde 
for unc anum twa[m] serendsprsece 
abeodan bealdllce, swa hit beorna ma, 
uncre wordcwidas, widdor ne msenden. 

6i. 

Oft mec faeste blleac freolicu meowle, 
ides on earce ; hwTlum up ateah 
folmum sinum ^ frean sealde, 
holdum fjeodne, swa hlo haten waes. 
Si^)7an me on hre)7re heafod sticade ; 
nio);an upweardne on nearo fegde. 
Gif J7aes ondfengan ellen dohte, 
]>e mec fraetwed[e], fyllan sceolde 
ruwes nathwaet. R^d hwaet ic mSne. 

62. 

Ic eom heard ^ scearp, [h] ingonges strong, 
for^sT)?es from, frean unforcuS; 

60 12. Ms seaxe'5. 

13. Herz suggests tcgy to avoid the aivkivard repetition of or^. Cf. Riddle 
87, //. 23-4. 

15. Ms twah, 

61 {Gr W 62). 8. Ms fraetwedne. 

62 (Gr /^ 63). I. ilfi ingonges. 



46 KiDDto 

wade under wambe ^ me weg sylfa 
ryhtne geryme. Rinc bi-S on ofeste, Foi. 

5Se mec on )?y^ aeftanweardne, 
haele^ mid hraegle ; hwllum ut tyh'S 
of hole hatne ; hwllum eft fare [ic] 
on nearo nathwser; nyde)? swi)?e 
suj7erne secg. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 

63- 

Oft ic secg [a] seledreame sceal 
faegre on)?eon, ]>onne ic eom for^ boren 
glaed mid golde, );2er guman drinca^. 
Hwllum mec on cofan cysse^ mu)7e 
5tillic esne, ]>xr wit tu beo)? ; 
fae^me on folm[e finjgrum j^y^, 

wyrce^ his willan 

.... fulre, ])onne ic forS cyme. 



10 Ne mseg ic "py mT)7an 

[si])?)?an on leohte 

swylce eac bi^ sona 

te getacnad 

15 hwaet me to 

. . . leas rinc, ]?a unc geryde waes. 

62 7. Ms fare«. Gr proposed fege'^ ; cf. Riddle 61, /. 6. 

63 ( C?r ^ 64). 1 . Ms secgan. 
6. Here for the first time in the Riddles, toe encounter the grievous mutila- 
tion of the Ms, -which mars its last folios and renders satisfactory editing an im- 
possible task. 



64. 

Ic seah * ^ * *3 ' | * ofer wong faran, 
beran • ^ * * M * ; b^m waes on si]f'pe 
haebbendes hyht, * ^ * *;) * P * 
swylce )7ry)7a d^l, • ^ * '^ * M * 
5 Gefeah ' P ' "^ • P ', fleah ofer • Y * J 
* M ' "D * ti * sylfes )7aes folces. 

65. 

Cwico waes ic, ne cwae^ ic wiht ; cwele ic efne sej^eah. 
iEr ic waes, eft ic cwom. i^ghwa mec reafa^, 
hafa^ mec on heap] re -j mln heafod scire];, 
blteS mec on basr lie, brice^ mine wisan. 
5 Monnan ic ne bite, nym [)?] e he me bite ; 
sindan J7ara monige )7e mec blta^. 

66. 

Ic eom mare Iponne |;es mi[d]dangeard, 
Isesse ])onne hondwyrm, leohtre ]?onne mona, Fol 125b 
swiftre ^onne sunne. S^s me sind ealle, 
flodas, on fae^mum ^ ^ P] s fbldan bearm, 
5grene wongas. Grundum ic hrlne, 
helle underhnlge ; heofonas oferstlge, 
wuldres e)?el, wide rsece 

6s {GrPF 66). 3. ikfiheadre. T/i proposed he&'STe. Cf. {ge)hei1Son2in. 

5. Ms nymppe. 
66 {Gr ff^ 6j). I. Aft mindangeard. 

4. Ms pas. 



48 KiUUle0 

ofer engla card ; eor)?an gefylle, 
ea[l]ne middangeard ^ merestreamas 
10 side, mid me sylfum. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 

67. 

[I]c on }>ing[e] [gjefraegn peodcyninges 
wrsetlice wiht, word galdra .... 

hio symle de-S fira gel 

5 

wisdome wundor me )7a . . w . 

enne mu^ hafa^ 

fet ne f 

,0 welan oft saca^, 

cwi)7e^ cynn 

wearS 

leoda lareow, for]?on nu longe mag 

ealdre ece lifgan 

ismissenlice, J7enden menn buga^ 

eorjjan sceatas. Ic )7aet oft geseah 

golde gegierwed, p^r guman druncon, 

since ^ seolfre. Secge se ]>e cunne, 

wisfaestra hwylc hwaet seo wiht sy. 

68 9. Ms ealdne. 

67 {Gr fV (>%). 2. Unless otherwise stated, these defective passages are 
left exactly as arranged in Gr W. 



HtDDle0 49 

'68. 

Ic ])3. wiht geseah onweg feran; 

heo waes wr^tllce, wundruw, gegierwed. 

Wundor wearS on wege : waeter wear's to bane. 

69. 

Wiht is wrietlic ]7am }>e hyr[e] wTsan ne conn : 
singed )7urh sidan ; is se sweora woh 
or)7oncum geworht ; hafa)? eaxle t[w]a 
scearp on gescyldrum. His gesceapo [dreoge"S], 
5|7e swa wrsetllce be wege stonde Fol. 126a 

heah ^ hleortorht haele);um to nytte. 

70. 

Ic eom rices ^ht reade bew^fed. 
Stl^ ^ steap wong, staj^ol waes lu j^a 
wyrta wlitetorhtra ; nil eom wraj^ra laf, 
fyres ^ feole, faeste genearwad, 
5 wire geweorj;ad. Wepe-S hwilum 
for minum gripe, se J?e gold wige^, 

])onne ic yj?an sceal 

hringum gehyrsted me 

68 {Gr W 69) 2. At the end of this line is the sign that usually marks 
the conclusion of a riddle {see Illustrations) , and the next line begins ivith a large 
capital. It is quite possible that ive have here tivo unconnected fragments. 

69 {Gr W 70). I. Ms hyra, 

3. Ms tua. 

4. Gr'i emendation f no gap in (he Ms. 



50 JXiMti 

dryhtne mln .... 

10 wlite bete. 

71- 

Ic waes lytel 

. . ante geaf ' 

we pe unc gemsene 

sweostor min 

5 fedde mec feower teah 

sw^se br6)?or, J^ara onsundran gehwylc 

daegtidu/w me drincan sealde 

J7urh )7yrel j^earle. Ic f>[a]h on lust, 

o)7]?aet ic waes yldra ^ j^aet anforlet 
losweartuw hyrde; si)7ade widdor, 

mearcpa)?as Wala traed, moras paeSde 

bunden under beame, beag haefde on healse ; 

wean on laste, weorc, ];rowade, 

earfo^a d^l. Oft mec Isern scod 
issare on sidan ; ic swigade, 

nSfre meldade monna senguw, 

gif me ordstaepe egle w^eron. 

yo [Gr fp^ J i). lo. My examination of the Ms completely confirms W t 
assertion that httt folloivs wlite immediately, 

yi (^Gr W 72). I, 1. lyt and ante an still unmistakably to be deci- 
phered in the Ms. 
8. Ms paeh. 
II. Ms Walas. Gr''s emendation. 



MiUt)lf0 51 

72. 

Ic on wonge aweox, w[u]node ])2er mec feddon 

hruse ^ heofonw[olcn], o];);aet [onhwyrfdon me] Fo'- 

gearum frodne, J^a me grome wurdon, ^^ 

of )7^re gecynde, )?e ic ^r cwic beheold, 
5onwendan mine wTsan, wegedon mec of earde, 

gedydon J^aet ic sceolde wi); gesceape minum 

on bonan willan bugan hwTlum. 

Nu eom mines frean folme by . go . . 

.... Ian d^l, gif his ellen deag, 
[oo];);e aefter dome ri 

dan m^rj;a fremman, 

wyrcan w 

. . ec . on )?eode Qtan we 

pe -;] to wroht stap . . . 

5 

. . . n eorp, eaxle gegyrde 

wo 

'^ swiora smael, sidan fealwe 

]>onne mec hea)7osigel 

.osclr besclne^ ^ mec 

fegre feorma^ ^ on fyrd wige^ 
craefte on haefte. CuS is wide, 
)?aet ic lyrist [r] a sum )7eofes craefte 

72 (Gr ^ 73). I. Ms wonode. 
2, Ms heofonwlonc. Gr^s fine emendation. Ms me onhwyrfdon. 
Her-z s emendation for the alliteration. 
23. Mf prista. 



52 Mit)iJle0 

under [b] raegnlocan ; 

ashwilum eawunga ej^elfaesten 

for^weard brece, )?aet ser fri^ haefde. 
Feringe from, he fus J^onan 
wended, of f)am wicum, wiga se ]7e mine 
wTsan cunne. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 

73- 
Ic waes fsemne geong, feaxhar cwene 
^ ^nlic rinc on ane tid ; 
fleah mid fuglum ^ on flode sworn, 
deaf under yj^e dead mid fiscum 
5-;) on foldan stop; haefde f[e]rS cwicu. 

74. 
Ic swiftne geseah on swaj^e feran Fol. 127a 

• M ^^ r N • 

75. 

Ic ane geseah idese sittan. 

76. 

S[^] mec fedde, sundhelm ]7eahte, 
^ mec y]7a wrugon eor);an getenge, 

72 24. Ms hraegnlocan. ^fter this word there is no gap in the Ms. 
D supplied hwilum ne'Se; Gr bealde ne'Se, 

27. Gr faeringa. 

28. Gr JV has a colon after wicum, apparently making wiga a vocative. 
With that punctuation, ivho is the he of I. 2^ ? 

yS (Gr PT j^). 5. Mi forts J Th'' s emendation. 
76 {Gr W -]-]). I. MiSe. 



Mit)Dlr0 53 



fefjelease ; oft ic flode ongean 
, muS ontynde. Nu wile monna sum 
; mln fl^sc fretan ; felles ne recccS, 

si)7|7an he me of sidan seaxes orde 

hyd arype"5 ec h[w] . 

"pe sij?];an itcS unsodene eac . . . . 



77- 

Oft ic flodas 

... as cynn mlnum ^ 

yde me to mos 

swa ic him 

J an ne aet ham gesaet . , 

flote cwealde 

]?urh orj7onc y)7um bewrigene. 

78. 

Ic eom ae)?elinges sht ^ willa. 

79. 

Ic eom ae)?elinges eaxigestealla, 
fyrdrinces gefara, frean mlnum leof, 
cyninges geselda. Cwen mec hwilum 
hwltloccedu hond on lege"<S, 
;eorles dohtor, )7eah hlo ae]?elu sy. 
Haebbe me on bosme ]?aet on bearwe geweox. 
Hwilum ic on wloncu/w wicge ride 

77 {Gr W 1%). 1. Ms Ofl. 



54 HiUl>lf0 

herges on ende : heard is min tunge. 
Oft ic wo^boran wordleana sum 
loagyfe aefter giedde. Good is min wise, 
^ ic sylfa salo. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 

80. 

Ic eom byledbreost, belcedsweora ; Fol 127b 

heafod haebbe ^ heane steort, 
eagan -^ earan ^ aenne foot, 
hrycg *3 heard nebb, hneccan steapne 
5*;) sTdan twa, sag on middum, 
card ofer aelduw. Aglac dreoge, 
]7^r mec wege^ se ])e wudu hrere"S, 
^ mec stondende streamas beata"5 
haegl se hearda ^ hrim );ece^ 
10. . orst . . . . eo se"S ^ fealletJ snaw 

|?yrelwombne "j ic pxt 

maet . . . sceaft mine. 

81. 

Wiht 

ongende greate swilge^ 



.... 11 ne flaesc fotum gong 

5 

. . sceal msela gehwam 

80 {Gr fV %l). 7. Sv proposes yi^^eS on metrical grounds. 



82. 

Frod waes min fromcynn, 

biden in burgum, si)7|7an bseles weard 

wera life bewunden, 

fyre gef^lsad. Nu me fah wara"S 
;eor)>an br6)?or, se me ^rest wear^ 
gumena t5 gyrne ; ic ful gearwe gemon 
hwa mIn fromcynn, fruman, agette 
call of earde ; ic him yfle ne mot ; 
ac ic haeftnyd hwilum ar^re 
• wide geond wongas. Haebbe ic wund[r]a fela, 
middangeardes maegen unlytel ; 
ac ic mT);an sceal monna gehwylcu;w 
degolfulne dom dyran craeftes, 
si^faet minne. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 

83. 

An wiht Is wundrum acenne[d] 

hreoh ^ re);e ; hafa^ ryne strongne ; Fol. 128a 

grimme grymeta^S ^ be grunde fare^. 

Modor is monigra m^erra wihta. 

B2 {Gr ff^ St,). I. Gr supplies hsfde feh w'lntra. 
\ 3. T^e number of letters missing here has been disputed. Sch says about 
ten betiveen bjeles and wera. In fact^ betiveen weard and wera there is exactly 
the same space as that taken in the line beloiv by e fah wara^, /'. e. at least 
nine letters. Holt (Anglia, xxiv. 26^) conjectures llge. 

9. Ms ac ic on. 

10. Ms wunda. 

83 (Gr ^ 84). I. Ms acenne'S. The first half 0/ the line is imperfect. 



56 MiOUleflf 

sFieger ferende funda^ sefre ; 
neol is nearograp. Nsenig oj7rum maeg 
wlite *;) wTsan wordum gecyj^an, 
hu mislic bi)? maegen j^ara cynna. 
Fyrn for-Sgesceaft Faeder ealle bewat, 

loor ^ ende, swylce an Sunu, 
msere Meotudes beam, J7urh 

^ ]>cet hyhste m^est )7es gae . . 

dyre craeft . . . . 

onne by aweorp . . . 

15 ]?e ^nig J;ara .... 

f . r ne maeg . . 



6)7er cynn eorj^an j7on ser waes 

wlitig ^ wynsum 

20 Bi)? sio moddor maegene eacen, 

wundruw bewrej^ed, wistum gehladen, 

hordum gehroden, haele)7um dyre. 

Maegen bi^ gemiclad, meaht gesweotlad; 

wlite h'\\> geweorj^ad wuldornyttingum. 
zsWynsuw wuldorgimm w[olcn]uw getenge, 

cl^ngeorn bi^ ^ cystig, craefte eacen ; 

hlo bi)? eadgum leof, earmuw getsese, 

freolic, sellic. Fromast ^ swiJ;ost, 

gifrost ^ grsedgost grundbedd tridej? 
3o)?aes ]7e under lyfte aloden wurde 

^ aelda beam eagum sawe. 

83 12. The Ms has gae, not tx. 25. Ms wloncum. Gr''s conjecture ; 
cf. Riddle 72, /. 2. 



Swa y^t wuldor wife^ worldbearna maege[n], 

);eah J7e fer[^um gleaw , 

mon mode snottor, mengo wundra. Fol. 128b 

Hrusan bi(S heardra, haelejmm frodra, 
geofum bit> gearora, gimmu;w deorra ; 
worulde wlitigaS, waestmum tydrcS, 

firene dwsEsceS 

oft utan beweorpe^ anre ]?ecene 
wundrum gewlitegad geond werj^eode, 
^(^t wafia^ weras ofer eor|7an, 

)?ast magon micle eafte 

bij; stanum bestrej7ed, stormum 

timbred weall 

]7rym ed 

. . . hrusan hrlne^ h 

ge"ge oft 

searwum 

dea^e ne fele^ 

• J^eah ])e 

du hreren hrif wundig 

risse hord. 

Word onhlld haele]?um g 

wreoh, wordum geopena, 

;hu mislic sy maegen J?ara cy . . 

83 32. Ms maege. 
33. Gr supplies gefrigen haebbe : tAere is no gap in the Ms. 
38, There is no gap in the Ms. 

53-5. Holt conjectures: Hord word[a] onhlid, haelepum g[eswutela], 
[wisdom on] wreoh, wordum geopena, hu mislic sy maegen para [cynna]. 



58 l&iatsUs 

84. 

Nis mln sele swige ne ic sylfa hlud 

ymb ; unc Driht[en] scop 

sl)7 aetsomne. Ic eom swi[f]tre ])onne he, 
)?ragum strengra, he ]?reohtigra ; 
shwilum ic me reste, he sceal yrnan for^S. 
Ic him in wunige a )7enden ic lifge; 
gif wit unc gedaela^, me biS dea^ witod. 

85. 

Wiht cwom gongan, ]7^r weras sseton 
monige on mae^le mode snottre ; 
haefde an eage ^ earan twa 
^ II fet, XII hund heafda, 
5hryc[g] ^ wombe "j honda twa, 
earmas ^ eaxle, anne sweoran Fol. 129a 

^ sidan twa. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 

86. 

Ic seah wundorlice wiht ; wombe haefde micle, 
)7ry)7um ge)?rungne. pegn folgade 
maegenstrong ^ mundrof ; micel me J;uhte, 
godHc gumrinc ; ^^^P ^^ sona 
sheofones to);e 

84 {Gr PF^s)' 2- Ms driht. 

3. Ms swistre. 5. Tupper r'lnnzn f i aUiteran. 

85 {Gr W 86). 5. Ms hryc. 

86 (Cr ;F 87). 5. No gap in the Mi. 



HiUDles; 59 



bleo[w] on cage; hlo bo[r]cade, 
[[^Jancode willum. Hlo wolde se);eah 



mol 



87. 



Ic weox );aer ic s 



*i sumor mi ; 




me w^s mill tin 




, . d ic on staS[ol] 

um geonp" swa . 









ise weana oft geond 

i- • ; '_' ' f geaf. 

I Ac ic uplong stod, )7aer ic 

^ ml[n] broj^or ; begen w^ron hearde ; 

card waes ])y weor^ra ]?e wit on stodan, 

hyrstum ]?y hyrra. Ful oft unc holt wrugon, 

wudubeama helm wonnuw nihtuw, 

scildon wi^ scurum. Unc gescop Meotud. 

Nu unc m^ran twam magas uncre 

sculon aefter cuman, card oS)?ringan 
igingran bro);or. Eom ic gumcynnes 

I 86 6. Ms bleowe and boncade. 

I 7. Ms wancode ; cf. 0. E. woncol and Ger. wanken. But it is difficulty 
if not impossible, to assign a meaning to wancian that ivould accord ivith wil- 
I lum. Tupper wanode. 

87 ( Gr ;F 8 8 ) . 13. Mi mine. 



6o MiDDlefif 

anga ofer eor]?an. Is min baec 

wonn "J wundorlic ; ic on wuda stonde 

hordes on ende. Nis min br6]7or her, 

ac ic sceal bro]?orleas hordes on ende 
25Sta|7ol weardian, sto[n]dan faeste ; 

ne wat hwaer min hr6)7or on wera ^htum 

eor]7an sceata eardian sceal, Fol. 129b 

se me ser he healf'e heah eardade. 

Wit wsron gesome saecce t5 fremman ; 
30 ne nsefre uncer aw)7er his ellen cy^de, 

swa wit ]?^re headwe hegen ne on)?ungan. 

Nu mec unsceafta innan slTta'S, 

wyrdaj? mec he womhe ; ic gewendan ne maeg. 

JEt ])3.m spore findeS sped se )7e se[ce^] 
35 sawle r^edes. 

88. 

wiht womhe haefd . . . o % 

re le]7re waes 

beg hindan 

5 grette wea worhte, 

hwllum eft l^ygan, 

him |;oncade si)?)7an 

. . . swaesendum swylce f'rage. 

87 2,5. Ms stodan. 
34. Gr se[ce'S]. 



ISiUDlcd 6i 



89. 



Vlln heafod is homere gej^uren, 

searoplla wund, sworfen feole. 

3ft ic beglne j^aet me ongean stica'5, 

jonne ic hnltan sceal hringum gyrded 

learde wiS hearduw, hindan j^yrel 

'orS ascufan |?aet [frean mines] 

nod - • P" • freo]7a^ middelnihtum. 

HlwTlum ic under baec bregde nebbe, Fol. 130* 

lyrde |7aes hordes, }^onne min hlaford wile 

afe ]?icgan, ]7ara )7e he of life het 

Araelcraef[te] awrecan, willu/w slnum. 

90. 

[c waes brunra beot, beam on holte, 
ireolic feorhbora ^ foldan waestm, 
A^y[nn]sta]7ol ^ wifes sond, 
5old on geardum. Nu eom guSwigan 
lyhtlic hildewsepen, hringe bete 



)yre^ o];rum 



^g {Gr JV <)l. Gr IV ()0 is the Latin riddle gi'ven in the Notes). I . 
Herey and in Beowulf I28j. Gr's conjecture gepruen ts supported by Sv 

i 6. Herz's emendation for the alliteration. 

II. Ms waelcraef. There is space for one or tivo {certainly not more) 
nissing letters, plus the usual inter'val betiveen tivo -words. 
90 {Gr W 92). 3. Ms wym stapol. 



62 KiDDk0 

Frea min 

. . . de willum sinu;« 

heah ^ hyht sc[e]arpne 

hwiluw 

5[h]wTlum sohte frea as, 

wod daegrime frod deo [pe stre] amas ; 

hwllu/w stealc hlij;o stlgan sceolde 

up in e);el ; hwllu/zz eft gewat 

in deop dalu dugu];e secan 
10 strong on staepe, stanwongas grof 

hrlmighearde ; hwilum hara scoc 1 

forst of feax[e]. Ic of fusum rad, ' 

91 (Gr Pf^ 93). 1-5. It has not seemed to me ivorth ivhile to upset the 
numbering of the lines of this riddle as established in Gr W. But it is neces- 
sary to call attention to the folloivijig facts : The number of omitted letters, as 
calculated by Sch, is 2^ in the first gap,, 26 in the second, 20 in the third, 22\ 
in the fourth, and ly in the fifth, making, ivith the legible parts, a total of 
775 letters in the first five lines, i. e., 5>5 to a line. In the first fi've perfect 
lines of this riddle, II. J-il, the total of letters is 126, or 2^ to a line. There- 
fore, if Sch's estimate of the number of missing letters is correct, the mutilated 
opening of the riddle must ha-ve occupied at least six lines : an a-verage of J'JT 
to the line is obviously too great. I have transferred wod to the beginning of 
I. 6. Since ivriting the first part of this note I have ascertained the exact 
measurements, ivhich may be of use to those ivho take pleasure in attempting 
restorations. The measurements are in millimetres : the number of millimetres 
divided by four gives approximately the number of letters that are missing. 
Bettueen min (/. i) and de (2), 7/5 mm. ; betiveen sinu (2) and heah (3),,- 
11^ mm. ; betiveen hyht (3) and scearpne (3), log mm. ; betiveen hwilu 
(4) and hwilum (5), /oi mm. ,• betiveen frea. (5) and as (5), /j" mm. 
6. Sch's conjecture 
12. Ms feax. 

{ 



MtDDUst 



63 



o)?)>aet him )7one gle[o]wstol gi^gi'C^] broJ;or 
mln agnade ^ mec of earde adraf. 

i5Si)?)7an mec Tsern innanweardne 
brun bennade ; blod ut ne com, 
heolfor of hrej^re, )7eah mec heard bite 
stiSecg style. N5 ic ]7a stunde bemearn, 
ne for wunde weop, ne wrecan meahte 

20 on wigan feore wonnsceaft mine; 
ac ic aglseca ealle )^olige, 
J;[a )^]e bord biton. Nu ic blace swelge 
wuda ^ waetre, w[ombe] befaeSme 
);aet mec on fealle^ ufan, ];Sr ic stonde, 

45eo[rpe]s nathwaet ; haebbe anne fot. 
Nu mln hord vvara^ hlj^ende feond, 
se )?e ^r wide baer wulfes gehle)?an, 
oft me of wombe bewaden fere^, 
stepped on sti^ bord 

,Q yonne dsegcondel 

. sunne 

[w]eorc eagum wllteS "^ sp 

92. 

Smi)7 d 

hyrre ]?on«^ heofon 

dre ]}onne sunne, 

91 13. Ms gleawstol and gingran 

22. Ms "^ te. 

23. ScA womb[c?]. Noiv the w alont appears. 
25. Z)'i conjecture. 



Fol. 130b 



64 KiUUle^ 

style, 

5smeare yonne sealt ry 

leofre ]>onne }>is leoht call, leohtre ]fonne w 



93- 
Ic eom indryhten ^ eorlum cu^, 
^ reste oft, ricum ^ heanuw 
folcu/w gefrsege ; fer[e] wide, 
"J me fremd[um] 2er freondum stonde^S 

5hi);endra hyht, gif ic habban sceal 
bl^d in burgum oJ^J^e beorht[e] god. 
Nu snottre men swi];ast lufiaj; 
midwist mine ; ic monigum sceal 
wisdom cy)7an ; no 'p2tr word spreca^S 

losenig ofer eor^an. peah nu aelda beam, 
londbuendra, lastas mine 
swl]?e seca"S, ic swaj^e hwllum 
mine beml)7e monna gehwylcum. 

93 (Gr liT 95). 3. Ms fere^; TA's conjectures in text. 
4. Ms fremdes. My conjecture in text. 
6. Ms beorhtne. 



l^ote^ 



Solutions art given at the head of the note: on each riddle only ivhen they 
are certainly correct^ or highly probable, or ivhen a single suggestion at present 
holds the field. In all other cases reference should be made to the table of solutions^ 
pages viii—xii. 

ABBREVIATIONS IN THE NOTES 

The following abbreviations are used in the Notes : 

Brooke = History of E. E. Literature by Stopford A, Brooke, 2 vols. 

(London 1892). 
B-T. = An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary by Dr. Bosworth and T. N. Toller 

(Oxford 1 882-1908). 
Cosijn = Anglosaxonica in Paul und Braune's BeitrSge xxiii. 128—30. 
Diet. = Dietrieh's articles in Haupt's Zeitschrift fur Deutsches Altertum 

XI. (1859) and XII. (1865). 
Grein = Dichtungen der Angelsachsen stabreimend iibersefzt von C. W. 
M. Grein (Zweite Ausgabe, 1863). 
Gr-JV. = Bibliothek der Angelsdchischen Poesie, iii. Band, i. Halfte (Leipzig, 
1897), edited by Assmann. 
Herzfeld = Die Ratsel des Exeterbuches und ihr Verfasser von Georg Herzfeld 
(Berlin 1890). 
Prehn = Komposition und ^ellen der Rdtsel des Exeterbuches by August 

Prehn, Neuphilologischen Studien in. (1883). 
Siev. = Sievers' OE. Grammar (Cook's translation. New York 1903). 
Sprach. = Sprachschatz der Angelsdchischen Dichter (1864) by Christian 
W. M. Grein. 
Traut. = Article by Trautmann in Anglia Beiblatt 5 (1895). 
Traut.^ = Alte und Neue Antnvorten auf Altenglische Ratsel in Heft xix. 

of Bonner Beitrdge (1905). 
Tupper = Articles by F. Tupper, Jr., in Modern Language Notes xviu. 
(Baltimore 1903), nos. I and 4. 



66 iPote0 

ff^alz = Notes on the A. S. Riddles by John A.Walz in Harvard Stud- 
ies and Notes in Phtlology and Literature vol. v. (Child Memo- 
rial Volume), 1896. 

I. Storm on Land 

Are the first Three Riddles one riddle ? 

In 1895 (when his edition of the Riddles was "really about to appear"), 
Traut. said Yes. 

In 1903, E. Erlemann (^Archi'v fiir das Studium der Neueren Sprachtn in. 
49 seq. ) answered more emphatically, that R. i-iii are undoubtedly a whole 
built up in the strictest order. In R. i the storm in general is described. After 
that, the different parts of the riddle commence with, and are marked off 
by, the word hiv'ilum (see 2*, 3^, 3''', 3^^). Of these four parts, (i) the first 
(R.2) is a submarine earthquake. " The storm is under the waves. It is at 
the bottom of the sea, and stirs up not so much the waves as the floor of 
the sea itself. The poet feels the necessity of distinguishing R.2 as sharply as 
possible from R.3'^~^^, the description of a real sea storm." (2) The second 
(R.3'"'^) is the earthquake, the storm under the upper surface of the earth. 
" The storm is in the poet's view the scientific explanation of the earthquake. 
. . . In his De Natura Rerum Beda gives the customary medieval explana- 
tion of the earthquake, which he derived from the work of the same name 
by Isidor of Seville. The conception is the same as that on which the A.S. 
poet built his riddle : the wind compressed in the hollow of the earth seeks 
with violence to force its way upward, and so the earthquake comes about." 
(3) The third (R.3^'^"^^) "gives not simply a continuation of the first 
section, but an entirely different representation, ' Storm at sea,' described with 
the greatest artistic skill . . . The storm itself appears here, not simply, as in 
(l) and (2), as the supposed cause of the earthquake." (4) In the fourth 
part (R. 336-66) "the solution 'Thunderstorm' is not correct. It should 
be ' Thunder * itself, for the storm is here again merely the scientific explana- 
tion of natural phenomena. Beda describes a thunderstorm in a similar 
manner." (5) Lastly, the four hiv'tlums of the summary {^Zusammenfassung 
R. 3^'' ^^'l-) correspond exactly with the four sections of the description 
proper which begin with hivtlum^ except that here the order is (2) (i) (3) 
(4.)* 

* This is as full a summary of a longish article as space permits, and is 
unbiased in intention. 



What are we to say to all this ? It will be seen that I have not followed 
Traut.'s example, but have numbered them as three distinct riddles. As regards 
R. I it seems to me that the opposition has no case. On the other hand, 
hiu'tlum in 2' seems definitely to anticipate another h-zvilum, and the next 
hivtlum (3') follows without a gap in the MS. and without even a capital 
letter.* But it will be seen from the foot-notes to the text {e. g. 27'^, 42'^, 
47*") that the scribe's practice in marking off one riddle from another seems 
to vary unintelligently. On the whole, then, it appears to me that R. 2 and 
3 are parts of one considerable design, in which the poetic element predomi- 
nates markedly over the enigmatic j but that, since the riddle-question is so 
prominent in R. 2'^"'^, the poet may have intended to subdivide it for rid- 
dling purposes, and in any case we are justified in maintaining the familiar 
division. It is to be noted that the riddle-question is always indirect ; so that 
the direct question of 3^^ ig to be regarded as rhetorical, and does not justify 
Erlemann's reference to it as a riddle-question. 

R. I "follows, not verbally, but motive for motive, Pliny's account of 
Water {Nut. Hist. Bk, xxxi. C. I ) : * Terras de-vorant aquae ; jiammas tie- 
cant ; scandunt in sublime et caelum quoque sibi 'vindicant : ac nubium obtentu 
•vitalem spiritum strangulant, qua causa fulmina elidunt^ ipso secum discordantc 
mundo. ^iid esse mirabilius potest aquis in caelo stantibus? At illae ceu 
parum sit in tantum per'venire altitudinem rapiunt eo secum piscium examina : 
sape etiam lapides sub'vehunt^ portantes alitna ponder a.'' The '■calculus of proba- 
bilities ' invites a doubt whether this resemblance be a mere matter of coinci- 
dence." (Tupper.) 

Line I. The construction is uncertain. Gr-W. ends the opening 
question at reafige^ 1. 6. I prefer a short question, corresponding with the 
apostrophe at the close. What intervenes seems to fall most easily into two 
sentences, each consisting of protasis and apodosis. Each protasis begins with 
l}onne 5 the apodoses begin at rlcas and habbe. 

2. wrsece = ii^rece, pres. subj. Probably a N. form (Siev. § 391 N. 5), 
for which cp. Juliana 719. 

9-1 1, beamas — sended : 'when I, roofed with water, sent by the 
high powers a-wandering far to drive, fell the trees. ' Cosijn proposes ' wrecen,* 
which, with a comma after ' wape,' makes the translation easier. 

* Erlemann ignores the medial hivtlum in 3'^. 



6S jPotfJf 

2. Storm at Sea 

5. hlimmeS . . . grimmeS : notice the leonine rime, and cp. 15", 
The use of rime in OE. poetry is striking because of its rarity : there can be 
little doubt that it is introduced for imitati've effects. 

7. stealc : Sprach. and B-T. record this word only in the Riddles and 
only with hliS. 

13. bregde : subjunctive of oratio obliqua (indirect question). 

15. wrugon : cp. 76^ and 87^^, ZLnA^nvreah i^^j and see Siev. § 383 (2). 

3. Storm — continuation of 2. 

2, 3. *' Sends then my broad bosom beneath the fertile plain.'* This is 
the sole instance in B-T. of under governing the dative when motion is 
implied. Though I have left the MS. reading in the text, I should prefer 
salivonges (or salivongas) : *' sends [me] under the broad bosom of the plain." 

5. hsetst : drives, throws — the unique occurrence of this verb. 

hearde. Thorpe suggested heard, but apparently translated it as an ad- 
verb : ' There hard sits the earth on my back.' There is no authority for this 
and I have found no close parallel ; but it seems to accord with the genius of 
our language. 

8. hreru : N. form of the ist sing. pres. indie. 

31. rice birofen weorj^an : be deprived of its dominion [over the sea], 

41. SCeO : cloud(?) — unique occurrence. 

47. SUmsendu : pattering or rustling — unique occurrence. 

62. byrnan : unique occurrence of this form of burne, burna, stream, 
burn. 

63 - 4. From the high cloud-region the storm descends nearer to the earth. 

69. heah : I from on high, I in my exaltation. Grein reads * hean,* 
and takes it with ' y^a' = high waves : with that reading I should prefor to 
take the word as nom. sing, of hean, abject, brought low ; the meaning would 
be almost the same as with heah. 

74. beom in the dialects = WS. beo. 

4- 

Prehn supports the answer "millstone" by quotations from Latin riddlej, 
in which, as in several other instances, I find nothing pertinent to our riddle. 
See Introduction, Index. 

I. J?egne: master, = 'hlaford' (4). Grein translates ' Diener,' but one 
does not obey one's servant. 



il^otcfii 69 

2. hringan: dat. pi. (Siev. § 237 N. 6). 

7, The second half-line is unmetrical. 

9. On J?once : pleasant. In 20^^ ' on pone ' is used adverbially. 

11. J7»r: if [he] = who. 

5. Shield 

9, 10. ic a — gemStes: I must endure encounter ever more hostile. 

12. gehslde. Such expressions as a/c dara Se are regularly followed by 
a sing, verb in OE., de agreeing (contrary to modern syntax) with the remoter 
antecedent a/c. Cp. 39^^. The same agreement is found very commonly 
after Sara Se, even where the remoter antecedent, as here (iScecynn), is sepa- 
rated by intervening words. Cp. 29^^^^^ note. In 28^° there is no remoter 
antecedent. In 34^ the same construction is found with 'pa pe ' with a 
plural antecedent. All these apparent examples of a plural subject with a sing, 
verb occur in subordinate clauses. Occasionally we even find the same con- 
struction in a principal clause, as in Beoivulf ()o^ : ** Hinesorhwylmas lemede 
to lange." 

13* ecga dolg: wounds made by the edges of swords. 

6. Sun 
See foot-note to the text. 

8, 9. hi J?aes — 5j>res: i.e. they feel both my injuries and my bene- 



fits. 



7. Swan 
8. 



See foot-note to the text. 

Of the solutions given in the Index the nightingale is easily first favourite. And 
may one not ask : who else could the * eald iefensceop ' be } What could be 
more joyous and delicate than this little jewel of a poem } It is worthy of its 
subject. It is the " creature of a fiery heart." 

*' I quote here the whole of Ealdhelm's riddle De Luscinia in order to con- 
found those who say that Cynewulf in his Riddles is a mere imitator of the 
Latin. In the Latin there is not a trace of imagination, of creation. In the 
English both are clear. In the one a scholar is at play, in the other a poet ia 
making. 

" Vox mea diversis variatur pulcra figuris, 
Raucisonis nunquam modulabor carmina rostris, 
Spreta colore tamen, sed non sum spreta canendo. 



70 jliote0 

Sic non cesso canens, fato terrente future : 
Nam me bruma fugat, sed mox aestate redibo." 

Almost every riddle, the subject of which Cynewulf took from Ealdhelm, 
Symphosius, or Eusebius, is as little really imitated as that. Even the riddle De 
Creatura, the most closely followfed of them all, is continually altered towards 
imaginative work, ' ' — Stopford Brooke. 

The above passage is, I think, of sufficient interest to justify quotation. 
The Introduction will have made it clear that I do not agree with the state- 
ment, that "almost every riddle is as little really imitated as that." I doubt 
if there is any imitation at all here. 

9. Cuckoo 

The looth riddle of Symphosius is on the * cuculus ' : it is worth quoting 
in itself, and is a good illustration of what may be called indebtedness in the 
second degree. 

** Frigore digredior, redeunte calore revertor. 

Desero quod peperi ; hoc tamen educat altera mater. 
Quid tibi vis aliud dicam ? me vox mea prodit." 

(In winter I depart; when the warmth returns I come back. My offspring 
I abandon, but another mother rears it. What else do you want me to tell 
you ? My voice betrays me. ) 

4. "wel hold me : very faithful to me. This half-line is metrically de- 
fective. 

8. ungesibbum : towards or amongst those who were no kin of mine. 

10. 

Trautmann argues at length for his second solution * Anchor ' and against 
Stopford Brooke's tempting 'Barnacle goose' in Bonner Beitr'dge xvii. 142 
and xix. 168. But his arguments convey the impression that he has neither read 
the passage from Gerarde's Herball quoted by Brooke {Hht. of E. E. Literature 
i. 2.47), nor ever seen a ship barnacle (^Lepas) himself. 

"This [Brooke's] solution is sustained by the first enigma in the collection 
of Pincier {Aenigmatum Libri Tre^ Hagae 1655), which has many points in 
common with the Anglo-Saxon : — 

* Sum volucris, nam plumosum mihi corpus et alae 
Quarum remigio, quum libet, alta peto. . . . 
Sed mare me gignit biforis sub tegmine conchac 
Aut in ventre trabis quam tulit unda. 



0Ott& yi 

* Solutio — 

* Anjercs Scotici quos incolae C/ak guyse indigitant ... in lignis longiore 
mora in mare putrefactis gignuntur. ' The first literary account of this fable 
ia found in the Topographia Hiberniae of Giraldus Cambrensis in the last halt 
of the twelfth century. Giraldus, after a long description which tallies remark- 
ably with the Anglo-Saxon, declares that ' bishops and clergymen in some parts 
of Ireland do not scruple to dine off these birds at the time of fasting, because 
they are not flesh nor born of flesh.* With such evidence as this, we must 
accept Max Miiller's o^xmon {^Science of Lang. Second Series, 1865, 552-71) 
that ' belief in the miraculous transformation of the Barnacle Shell into the Bar- 
nacle Goose was as firmly established in the twelfth as in the seventeenth cen- 
tury. ' " — Tupper (p. 100). 

II. 
Walz (q. V.) proposes * Gold,' Traut.^ (q. v. ) « Wine.' I agree with the 
latter solution, though I interpret the close of the riddle quite differently from 
Trautmann. 

4. Sprach. glosses ' hwette ' with two accusatives, < dole ' and * unr^dsTpas.' 
I agree with Herzfeld that this is impossible. Grein seems to take ' dole ' as an 
adv. : "toll errege ich Unrathwege " (madly I promote ways of folly); but 
no other instance of such a usage is on record ; the OE. adv. is dollTce. And it 
seems to me clear that 'dole' is accus. pi., parallel with *dysge.' Herzfeld 
makes two suggestions: unrSd[ge]sipas ' (companions in folly), in apposition 
with 'dole' ; and '[on] unraedsipas.' I prefer the latter, with which cp. An^ 
dreas 2S6 : _ 

Usic lust hwete'S on pa leodmearce, 
and Seafarer 63: 

hwete'S on [hjwzelweg hreper unwearnum. 

5. JJaes nowiht : naught of this, viz. This use of pat (pas), to antici- 
pate a noun-clause following, is very common. 

8. Wa him J^aes Jeawes : woe to them because of that habit. 
^ 9. The meaning of this passage is much disputed. Diet, suggests that ' horda 
deorast ' = the sun ( Cosijn approves, but reads pringed ) , a rendering that stands 
or falls with his solution ' Night.' Prehn renders : " wehe ihnen des Treibens 
wenn es der edelste Schatz in die Hohe bringt " — which I shall not attempt 
to translate. Sprach. gives heah = Deus, Christus. Walz says ' horda deorast ' 
(the dearest of treasures) is the Word of God or the heavenly kingdom. Traut.^ 
reads * hearm ' for 'heah,' and translates: " spater wird der teuerste leid 



72 jl^oteg 

bringen " (later the dearest will bring sorrow). I believe that the reference is 
to the Day of Doom. * Horda deorast ' may = soul, piind, spirit, understand- 
ing, which are in OE. sometimes called breost-hord^ tnod-hordy sdwl-hord. 
This interpretation is confirmed by Genesis 1608-10: 

o'Sl'aet breosta hord, 
gast, ellorfus gangan sceolde 
to Godes dome. 

We may translate 11. 8-10 thus : ** Woe to them because of that habit 
when the Lord brings the soul [to judgment], unless they first desist from 
folly." 

10. Walz points out correspondences between this Rid. and no. 27 : cp. 1. 10 
with 27^2, and 1. 6 with 27^^. He writes : "As for ii^°and 27'^, it maybe 
said, however, that the same line occurs in Juliana (1. 120) and a similar 
line occurs in Elene (1. 516). This makes it very probable that the line was 
not the creation of any one poet, but belonged to the common stock of epic 
formulae. The other correspondences are of little importance." 

12. Skin, Hide, Leather 

This is one of the sixteen problems in which, according toTupper, " the use 
and development of one or more motives so closely suggest both the matter 
and manner of the Latin enigmas that we can hardly entertain a doubt of the 
service done to E. B. R. by the earlier and more bookish puzzles. " He refers 
in this case to Symphosius 56, and Ealdhelm iii. 1 1 & v. 8. I quote and 
translate the first of these. 

Symphosius 56. Caliga (soldier's boot): 

" Major eram longe quondam, dum vita manebat ; 
Sed nunc exanimis, lacerata, ligata, revulsa, 
Dedita sum terrae, tumulo sed condita non sum" 

(I was far larger once while life remained ; but now I am lifeless, after being 
rent, tied up and plucked away 5 I am devoted to the soil, yet I am not buried 
in a tomb). The very dim supposed resemblance lies in the fact that both 
riddles begin by speaking about the leather when alive, i.e. on the ox. 

7 seq. The strap or belt, the ' leather bottel ' or wine-flask, the boot (or 
possibly rug), of the earlier lines are easily identified. But what is the dark- 
haired drunken female Welsh serf doing on dark nights (or early mornings) ? 
The processes seem to be those of cleaning boots, and the hand inside is so 



il^otes? 73 

well hit off. And after all, if the proud lady wears them, probably the Welsh 
slave would have to clean them. 

8. J'yS. This word, here and in 21', was no doubt disyllabic in the 8th 
century, py{h)e3 ; similarly, tyhS 34^* and 62^, "wrlS 50^, and peb 44', are to 
be scanned as disyllables. 

13- 

Diet.'s solution '* 22 letters of the alphabet '* seems to me too grotesque for 
discussion. LI. l and 2 distinctly say "10 in all, 6 brothers and their sisters 
with them," i.e. 4 sisters. Diet, makes 10 plus 6 brothers p/us 6 sisters = 
22 in all. Then how does the alphabet "tread the land" (1. 11).? He 
quotes two parallel riddles : one from a Heidelberg MS. of the 15th century, 
given in Mone's ji^uellen und Forschungen p. 120, where the letters are 22 
people from Greece, of whom 5, the vov/els, are brothers ; the others, with- 
out them, are dumb : the second riddle (Mone's Anzeiger 11. 310) is from 
the 1 6th century ; here there are 23, of which 5 are interpreters of the rest. 
My first and last impression is that these are no parallels at all, and that the 
whole thing is ridiculously far-fetched. 

Traut. solved ' ten young chickens.' 

Tupper calls this, " like so many of his solutions, an absurdly random 
guess. The Key to the problem is presented by Bede's Flores^ No. 2, * Vidi 
filium cum matre manducantem cujus pellis pendebat in parxete ; ' where the 

* son ' is evidently the pen, the ' mother ' the hand and the * skin ' the glove. 
So, in our riddle, the ten creatures are the fingers — the six brothers being the 
larger, the four sisters, the little fingers and thumbs, ... In popular riddles 
the fingers are always browsing animals. And the glove ever hangs on the 
wall. The new solution is thus clearly established." Probably to no one but 
its author, for it seems to me almost as far-fetched as Dietrich's. 

For Trautmann's reply see Traut. ^ 177-180. His solution appears to be 
the right one, but I am not sure that his interpretation of 11. 3-5 is correct. 
He translates : " Their skins hung distinct and visible on the wall of the 
house of each" ; and explains: "Besides by the egg-shell, unhatched birds 
are surrounded by an enclosing membrane. When the young are hatched, 
these membranes (/f/^) remain hanging on the wall of their house (on seles 
•w^ge), the egg-shell." It is at any rate possible to take * anra gehwylces ' 
as a genitive depending on 'fell,' to interpret 'fell' as the egg-shells, and 

* seles wgege ' as the wall of a human dwelling. That is how I took the passage 
when I first read it, and I jotted in the margin the query : ' Can they have 



74 i^otesf 

hung egg-shells up as a charm ? 
hens' egg-shells are still strung up on the walls of country cottages : the \ 
Rev. J. Wesley Green of Ely tells me that he well remembers seeing them ! 
as recently as 1885 at Linton, eleven miles from Cambridge, and another J 
friend of mine, Mrs. Travers Sherlock, remembers a string of such shells ! 
hanging from the chimney-piece in a cottage between Smethwick and Warley, 
when inhabited, about 1887, by a Mrs. Lawton. Of this practice members i 
of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society furnished further confirmation. 

6. J'Sah , . . swa : although (not recorded in Sprach. or B-T.). 

II. gewitan = gewiton. 

14, Horn 

I. ^;7»penwiga : /. e. when on the head of the ox (Diet.). 
10. bordum . . . behlyjjed = ' heafodleas ' = deprived of my oma- ■ 
mented, bejeweled lids or covers. 

18. As an alarm-horn to catch thieves (Diet.). 

15. 

Dietrich's solution 'Badger' has generally been accepted. Walz proposes 
' Porcupine ' : the neck or throat of the badger is not white, nor is he a swift- 
footed animal j the porcupine was known to the Anglo-Saxons as * se mara 
igil,' the larger hedgehog, it is said to run with considerable speed at night, 
it has a white stripe round the throat. See note on 1. 28. 

♦ Porcupine ' is tempting, but the evidence, after careful collecting and weigh- 
ing, favors ' Badger' (^Hystrix cristata). The colouring is not quite accurate 
for the English badger ; but this has white markings on the head. Dr. Ship- 
ley, the zoologist, considers the general resemblance in color and habits con- 
clusive. The decisive consideration with me is the prominence given in the 
riddle to burrowing. The porcupine often shelters in a burrow by day, but is not : 
a great burrower. The porcupine *• makes its attack by rushing backwards ": 
that would be impossible ybr a porcupine in a burroiu. On the other hand I 
am unable to resist the conclusion that the following sentences refer to the 
animal of this riddle : '* The digging capacities of the Badger are very great, 
the animal being able to sink itself into the ground with marvellous rapidity' * 
(Wood, Popular Nat. Hist. p. 86). " Nocturnal in habit, it spends much 
of the day in the spacious burrow, which has many exits, and is excavated by 
preference on the sunny side of a wooded hill. Though naturally inoffensive in 1 
its habits, the badger is capable of biting when severely loused. It is hunted I 



ipoteflf 75 

with the help of dogs, from which it chiefly seeks to escape by burrowing" 
(Nelson's Encyclopaedia 1906). 

3-5. A difficult passage. Gr-W. reads : 

"me on baecc standa'S 
her swylce sue : on hleorum hlifia'S 
tu earan ofer eagum " 
(on my back stand hairs like a sow's ; on my cheeks tower two ears over my 
eyes). Maclean [OE. and ME. Reader) has: 

**me on baece standa^ 
her, swylce swe on hicorum ; hlifia'S tu 
earan ofer eagum ' ' 
(on my back stand hairs, likewise on my cheeks ; two ears tower over my eyes) . 
With the transference of * her ' to the preceding line, this is, I believe, the 
true reading. What towers over the eyes does not stand on the cheeks. And 
the form * su ' for sugu (sow) seems to rest on this one passage ; I do not be- 
lieve it is an English form. Sive (sue) for siva is found elsewhere j and sivy/c 
Siva, such as, sivy/ce siva, just as, occur in combination, but not the latter with 
the meaning * likewise. ' 

14. me — weorJJeS: lit. altogether becomes following me, /. e. pursues 
me very closely. 

16. on geruman : in my room, hole. The end of the riddle shows that 
an open place was necessary for the animal to defend himself 

nele — teala : counsel certainly wills not that, that were very ill advised. 
25. me on swaj^e : on my track. 

28. *' hildepilum, which occurs again in 17^, refers to a weapon which 
is thrown. I believe this line contains an allusion to the fabulous mode of de- 
fence, the ' shooting ' of quills, which the porcupine is said to practise when at- 
tacked. This was known to Pliny and has long been a popular belief ' ' ( Walz) . 

29. Herzfeld calls attention to the number of a7ra| Xeybfxeva in this riddle, 
consisting of the following compounds (I omit two that I have found elsewhere) : 
geogu^cnosl ( 10), fe'Semund (17), waelhwelp (23), ni'Sscea))a (24), gegnpae'S 
(26), laSgewinna (29). 

16. Anchor 

The * Ancora ' of Symphosius, which also speaks of fighting the winds and 
waves, is worth quoting : 

**Mucro mihi geminus ferro conjungitur unco ; 
Cum vento luctor, cum gurgite pugno profundo ; 
Scrutor aquas medias; ipsas quoque mordeo terras " 



^6 jliote0 

(My twin points are joined together by crooked iron j with the wind I wrestle, 
with the depths of the sea I fight j I search out the midmost waters, and I bite 
the very ground itself). 

** The Old Norse anchor (i7«5r£^i Gatur 6) is, like the Old English one, 
a fighting warrior." — Tupper. 

3. me — fremde : my native land is strange to me (because I am always 
at sea). 

4. Jjaes gewinnes : for or in the strife ; genitive of respect or definition. 

5. hi: the waves and winds. 

9. mec stij^ne wij' : against me strong, against my strength. 

17- 

The rune for B in the MS. is claimed in support of the various suggested 
solutions: Diet,'s * Ballista' and * Burg ' and Traut.'s * Baec-ofen ' (defended at I 
length in Traut.*^ 180). Traut.*^ admits that the word ' baec-ofen ' is not re- 
corded. He claims that similarity to No. 49 (the answer to which is, he says, 
undoubtedly 'baec-ofen') supports his conclusion. But if * baec-ofen ' be the; 
answer to No. 49 (q. v.), it is the less likely to be the correct solution here. 1 

I incline to the answer * Burg,' fortress. (See sheet of figures.) 

18. "Leather Bottel** 

Probably a fragment only : the solution is necessarily quite uncertain. See 
sheet of figures. 

19. 

See sheet of figures. 
Hicketier, in Anglia x. 592-6 (1888), discusses this riddle fully, and puts 
forward the following recension : 

Somod ic seah S R O 

H hygewloncne, heafodbeorhtne, 

swiftne ofer sslwong swipe prSgan. 

Haefde him on hrycge hildeprype 

N O M, nssegledne ra?zd. 

W O E f) widlast ferede 

rynestrong on rade rofne C O 

FO A H. For waes py beorhtre, 

swylcra slpfaet. — Saga, hwaet ic hatte ! 



jliote0 ^7 

I add a few passages from his article. ** ISIagkd rand is a shield with bosses, 
or at least with one boss in the centre. The shield has really nothing to do with 
falconry, but it is not incompatible with it. The construction is : the subject to 
hafde is mon ,• him does not refer to a word in the same sentence, but to hori ,• 
hildeprype is in apposition with the object nagledne rand.'''' " For the restor- 
ation this must be remembered : it is intended that the names of the runes are 
to be read. When the runes are in such a position that they can alliterate, the 
first rune in every line alliterates, as it is generally necessary for the first noun 
in the first half of a line to alliterate : in 1, \ S (sigel) alliterates with (the lost 
first foot and with) seah ; in \. 2 H (hagol) with hygeivloncne heafodbeorhtne ; 
in 1. 5 iV (nied), the first foot, with nagledue ; in 1, 8 F (feoh) with /or. 
Only in 1. 7 C (cen) cannot alliterate, since it is the second arsis in the second 
half of the line. According to the analogy of 11. 2, 5, 8, the first rune in 1. 6 
must be fV ( wen),^ first foot and sole alliteration with ivld/ast.f In the fourth 
position b for Pf^ is hardly to be called an alteration ; if you now alter G to 0, 
you have what you want : peoiv.^' ** The mode of corruption in our passage 
has probably been this : a scribe, who saw through the meaning and manner 
of the riddle, but who was unconcerned about the alliteration, altered peo-w^ 
'"hich rarely occurs alone, to the usual pegn with the same meaning. A second 
scribe, who read hastily and thought sense unnecessary, corrupted the latter to 
•wega. 

Traut. makes 11. 5 and 6 run: 

N O [ond] M. Naegledne gar 
W O E J) wTdlast ferede. 

The alliteration-argument for peoiv is, I readily admit, a strong one. But the 
last tw^enty years have witnessed a strong conservative movement in opposition to 
textual changes, and I am not prepared to admit that the change from the runes 
for A G E W to those for W O E J?, however ingeniously explained, is a 
slight one. Besides, there are other things against Hickelier's recension: His 
*' Konstruktion" (v. sup.) has only to be read to be rejected, and with it go 
other parts of his argument. Again, who is the * peow ' .'' is he the same person 
as the ' mon' .'' If not, what is he doing there ? Are we to believe that the 
horse carries one man and another man carries the hawk ? I find much to agree 

* For the runes see Introduction. 

f On the contrary Cosijn says: "EA and wyn« can remain, when a B-typc 
occurs ; the alliteration then rests on the second arsis as it does several times in 
the Riddles." 



78 il^te0 

with in Tuppcr's remark: ** The modern * monster* riddle of * Man on Horse- 
back with Hawk on Fist' {Book of Merry Riddles Ed. 1660 No. 70 ; Holme \ 
Riddles No. z8) employs an ancient and widely spread motive, which is so to- 
tally neglected in the pointless Exeter Book logogriphs, xix., lxiv., that it is i 
difficult to regard these runic riddles as other than fragments." 

I suspect that this riddle — I wrote these words long before I ever saw 
Tupper's article — is not worth the time and ingenuity that have been ex- 
pended on it. The conclusion asks what << I " am called, but no clue is given 
beyond that " I saw" various things. If, as seems to be generally supposed, ! 
the runes read backwards give the solution, then the last half-line is altogether 
misleading, and the riddle is no riddle at all. The runes in 1. 6 read backwards 
give * wega,' which is not a known word ; those in 11. 7, 8, give * haofoc,* 
an unknown and impossible (Sievers in Anglia xni. 13-) form of ' hafoc, 
heafoc,' hawk. Except where the necessity for emendation is admitted, in 11. 
I and 3 , I have tried to make some sense of the riddle as it stands. ] 

I. Grein's emendation * somod' (= together) is hardly satisfactory; it re- 
fers to the runes, for he translates : * I saw together S and O with the proud- 
minded R.' I have made ' swoncorne' ace. masc. sing, to be consistent 
with the other adjectives, although hors is always neuter. Probably, through 
using the runes, the writer was thinking rather of the living animal than of the 
word hors. 

4 seq. By considerable, and by no means convincing, alterations of the 
text, Grein and others (v. sup.) have made some sense of this difficult passage. 
The chief difficulty is 1. 5, where * rad,' if a noun, is fem., whereas ' naegledne,* 
if one word, is masc. Thorpe's * waegn' (see foot-note to the text) appears an 
unnecessary intrusion ; the horse carries a man, and the man carries a hawk. 
Holding myself excluded, by the general plan of this series, from all but slight 
changes of reading, I have been able to make but indifferent sense. Reading 
* naegled ne' as two words {as they undoubtedly are in the JUS.), and taking 
the runes in 1. 6 to stand for ' aweg,' I translate thus : "He had on his back 
warlike strength ( = man). The rider rode not in armour (riveted). Wander- 
ing far away, he bore, etc. ' ' 

20. Sword 

'* Eusebius, Ealdhelm, and Tatwine have all written riddles on the sword. 
Cynewulf has most followed the first ; but Cynewulf adds all the imaginative 
work. It is he alone who represents the sword as a warrior, wearing armourr; 
of his own, showing his lord the way through the battle, and when the war 



ipote0 79 

is over, mourning like a shattered veteran over his lonely future." — Brooke. 
I recognise no debt to Eusebius ; on that question Brooke is not a reliable 
guide. 

13. heajjore : restraint J a rare word, but the verb (ge)Aeadorian, to re- 
strain, is fairly common. 

13-4. IseteS ... on gerum sceacan : lets me go at large. 

20-1. mxghuTg . . . )>e ic aefter woe : iamily from which I 
sprang. 

26-7. ic J'olian sceal bearngestreona : I must be deprived of the 
begetting of children. So ' gestreona' (1. 31) = begettings. The leading idea of 
the riddle is that the sword works, not for itself, but only for its lord. 

35. gaeleS : (probably) utters an incantation. Grein seems to take the clos- 
ing words as spoken by the woman : " and angrily (ungui) she cries: I heed 
not the battle." This riddle terminates with dramatic abruptness ; but I see no 
reason why that may not be due to the scop's deliberate intention. 

21. Plough 

Prof. A. W. Mair in his translation of Hesiod (p. 158 seq.) has a useful 
note on the plough. 

2. geonge : go; apparently a Northumbrian form. 

3. har holtes feond : the two oxen (Diet.). But ' feond ' and * wisa^ ' 
are singular; and the man guides the oxen that draw the plough. * The enemy 
of the wood ' is either the plougher, who cuts down the wood to turn it into 
plough-land; or still better, as Cosijn suggests, ** the iron, which, in the shape 
of an axe, bears ill-will to the tree; here it denotes the ploughshare," 

9. gongendre: this word and ' hindeweardre * (1. 15) arc fern, to 
agree with sulh^ a plough. 

II-13: ** Driven through my back there hangs under me a well-forged 
pointed weapon; another in my head, firm and pointing forward, inclines to 
the side." The former is the share, the latter the coulter. 

22. Month 

Diet.'s answer is ' December.' Here is his article in briefest summary: 
The 60 riders are 60 half-days. The four white horses are the four Sundays. 
The other seven of the * fridhengestas' might be week-days, but the number 
does not fit, so they probably refer to a month in which there are seven feast- 
days. December is the only one with seven: (i) Conception of the Virgin, 



8o jliotetf 

(z) S. Nicholas, (3) S. Thomas, (4) Christmas, (5) S. Stephen, (6) S.John the 
Evangelist, (7) Innocents. The opposite shore which they reach would then 
be the following year. 

"Among the problems of the Exeter Book are a few that from their wide 
vogue in all centuries well deserve the title of world-riddles. Prominent in 
this short list is the query of the Month (no. 2.2). This is, of course, a vari- 
ant of the year problem, which, in one form or other, appears in every land, 
as Ohlert, ■'^ 122-126, Wiinsche (Koch Zs. N. F. ix. 1896, 425-456) and 
Wossidlo,f pp. 277-278, have shown. The Anglo Saxon chariot-motive has 
long since been linked by Dietrich with Reinmar von Zweter's ' ein sneller 
wol gevierter wagen ' (Roethe, R. -von Z. 1887, Rid. 186, 187, p. 616). 
But there are many other analogues. Haug J translates from the Rig-veda, i, 
several Time riddles, in one of which ( Hymnus 1 64) the year is pictured as 
a chariot bearing seven men (the Indian seasons ?) and drawn by seven horses; 
in another (H. 11) as a twelve-spoked wheel, upon which stand 720 sons of 
one birth (the days and nights). Still closer to the Anglo-Saxon is the Per- 
sian riddle of the Month, § also cited by Wiinsche, in which thirty knights 
(the days of the month) ride before the Emperor. In the * Disputatio Pippinr 
cum Albino,' 68-70 (H. Z. xiv. 530 f.), the Year is the Chariot of the 
World, drawn by four horses, Night and Day, Cold and Heat, and driven by the 
Sun and Moon. And finally in the Liigenmarchen of Vienna MS. 2705, fol. 
145 — classed by its editor, Wackernagel {H. Z. 11. 562) as a riddle — the 
narrator tells how he saw, through the clouds, a wagon, upon which seven 
women sat and near which seven trumpet-blowers (garziine) ran and a thou- 
sand mounted knights rode. 

Der liigenaere nam des goume, 
Das si nach dem selben sliten, 
^//es uf dem ivolken riten, 
Und ivolten da mite iiber mer. 

The likeness of these last lines to the desire of the sixty knights in E. B. 22 
to pass over the sea is peculiarly suggestive. 'Reinmar' 3 riddle,' says Roethe, 

* R'atsel und Geselhchaftsspiele der alien Griechen^ Berlin 1886. 

■)" Mecklenburghche Volhuberlieferungen^ Part I. Wismar 1897. 

X Sit%b. der konig. Akad. der fViss. zu MtincAen, Phil.-Hist. KL 11. 
1875, 457f. 

§ J. Gorres, Das Heldenbuch von Iran aus dem Schah Nameh des Firdussi, 
Berlin 1820, i. 104 f. 



iPotrs; 8i 

p. 251, * is really popular — that is, it is not drawn directly or indirectly from 
learned or Latin sources.' This is equally true of the Anglo-Saxon problem; 
still we must feel that, like Reinmar's poem, it has come to us from an ar- 
tist's hand. " — Tupper (p. 102).* 

I. CW5m singular agreeing with 'siextig.' 

23. Bow 

The riddles show traces of an older orthography. The change of final b 
intoy took place at about the same time as, or a little earlier than, that of / to 
e (that is, about 750). See No. 23, where *agof' stands for ' agob.' The 
latter, being the reverse of 'boga,' was certainly the form when the riddle 
was composed, but the later scribe wrote an f in accordance with the custom 
of his time. — Sievers (^Anglia xiii. 1 3 seq. condensed). 

It seems to me that this argument is too purely a philological one. If 
* agob ' was the form when the riddle was composed, the opening line gave 
the solution at once : ** ' Agob ' is my name reversed." There is no other 
riddle in which so simple a mode of concealment is adopted. Again, if a later 
scribe found 'agob' and changed it to 'agof,' either he did not understand 
the riddle himself, which is to suppose him unwontedly stupid even for a scribe, 
or he deliberately made the solution more difficult, which is to attribute to him 
I free hand in matters quite outside his province. Surely it is simpler to sup- 
pose that the author of this riddle had seen the change of final b to f, and 
that he utilised it here to befog his auditors. One might even dare to picture 
the scene. The harp is passed to our scop, and he sings this riddle. At its 
close, <**Agof' reversed?" says one; "why that's *foga,' and * foga ' is 
naught. Give it up." " Ah ! " says the scop, " but don't you know that 
where we used to write b at the end of a word we now write fy so that one 
may put the one letter for the other ? " " Not fair," is the rejoinder ; *' what 
do we know of script?" But there are those at the feast who do know 
something, and one of them has taken the hint. *' ' One letter for the other,' " 
he exclaims, *• b ^oxf — I have it, * boga ' ? Very good ! " And the applause 
is general, and so is the request for the repetition of the riddle, that every point 
may be fully appreciated now that the answer is known. 

* I quote this passage with the more pleasure because it gives some valua- 
ble references for what is entirely beyond the scope of this edition, the com- 
parative study of riddle-literature. For fuller information the student is referred 
to Tupper' s articles. 



82 Ji^Otffll 

2. Cp. 20'. 

wratlic: cp. *wrStlicu' 33', 'wunderlicu' 20*, 24', showing the 
variation in the gender of iviht. But there arc instances where this explana- 
tion will not suffice, cp. • wrStlicu ' 33^ and * cymlic ' 33^^; here we may 
say that adjectives separated from their nouns frequently do not agree. 

6. J7aet wite : the torture suffered by the bow in being bent and let 
loose again. 

8. oJ'J'aet : until, i.e. I am longer until I shoot again. 

24. Magpie 

See sheet of figures. 

Diet, showed that the runes arranged make the word higora^ glossed in 
/Elfric's time as picus (woodpecker). There is terrible confusion among 
commentators about the meaning of higora, which Diet, identified with Ger. 
Haher, jay, and which is variously translated * magpie,' * jay,' * woodpecker." 
Prehn (who has quite a genius for being wrong) chooses * woodpecker,' which 
is impossible here. The Lat. picus, woodpecker, would seem to have been 
confounded with pica^ magpie. A little natural history is wanted, and that we 
are not likely to get from monkish Latin glossaries. Probably the poet wai 
singing here, as in nearly all the riddles, about something quite familiar to him 
and his audience, and was not likely to confound the magpie {Corvui pica 
Lin.) with the jay {Cor-vui glandarim Lin.) or the woodpecker {Picas viridis). 
To my mind it is pretty certain that what is intended is the beautiful bird, 
once the farmer's friend and the cheery companion of the homestead in 
England as elsewhere, but now, alas ! through slander and persecution be- 
come rare — the magpie, the bird which can learn to imitate the cry of al- 
most any animal, and which from its beauty, familiarity and tamableness, was 
much more likely to attract the attention of the scop than the shy and char- 
acterless jay or woodpecker. 

7. glado : see Introduction : The Gender of *•. 

25. 

This riddle has had the misfortune to arouse contention. Tupper (p. 104 
(2)) says: *' Another riddle by Scaliger ( Reusner* l. 190), cannabis, gives 
in every line a reason for accepting ' Hemp ' as an answer to the misleading 

* Nicholas Reusner, ^nigmatographia sive Sylloge ^nigmatum tt Gri- 
phorum Con-vi'valiunij Frankfort 1 602. 



E. B. R. XXV., that interesting adaptation of the Onion motive to another 
theme." Traut.'' replies : " An opinion that can only be uttered by one who 
knows either no Latin, or no Old Enjrlish, or nri'her the one nor the other.** 
Walz quotes Simrock's Deutsches Rdtidbuch ii. S4 in support of his solution 
Mustard; but Traut.^ shows that the solution of tif quoted riddle is Onion, 
not Mustard. See Traut.^ 186-8 for his solution * the hip of the wild rose ' ; 
it is obviously impossible to reproduce his arguments herr For my own part 
I entirely endorse a remark of Tupper's (p. 6 (2)), that tl.is is one of those 
riddles, fortunately very few in our collection, in which the so vtion was not 
" the chief concern of the jest." And I may add that it is not now worth 
one drop of bad blood or one discourteous word. 

I, 2. These opening lines seem to favor the answer *Hemp.' It should 
be added that there is another riddle, No. 65, the answer to which is gener- 
ally admitted to be ' Onion.' 

3. nymj>e bonan anum: save my slayer only. The * slayer,* accord- 
ing to Diet. , is the one who eats the onion. But the person * hurt ' is more 
often the one who dresses it for table or for cooking. 

8. raseS mec on reodne : lit. rushes at me [who am] red. Grein bog- 
gled at this half-line, which yields good sense without any change ; Guthlac 968 
is almost an exact parallel : " ac hine raeselS on " (but Death rushes on him). 

9, 10. fegeS mec on faesten . . . mec nearwaS. The meaninf 
assigned to these expressions will depend on tlie solution favored. Diet, at first 
explained < puts me [onion] in her mouth. ' But for his second solution ' Hemp * 
the passage was taken to mean that ' ' the hemp is pressed between the fin- 
gers of the spinner "; the " wet eye " (1. 1 1) is the small hole at the upper 
end of the spindle which is moistened by the wet fingers. With reference to 
Walz's solution 'mustard' Traut.^ says: *' It is of course correct that 
mustard makes one's eyes water ; only, however, when its seeds are bitten 
through, or when it is taken into the mouth as mustard ; not when it is 
merely pressed between the fingers, as Walz seems to understand the phrases, 

fegeS meconfdesten and mec nearivad.'"'' 

ID. mines gemotes : /'. e. her meeting with me. 

26. Bible or Book 

Often in the more poetical riddles there is no attempt to disguise the solu- 
tion. Here 11. 17 and 28 seem to favor the answer ' Bible,' which appears 
to be also the solution of No. 67 : but ' Book ' or « Bible ' makes little dif- 
ference. On the poetical value of this riddle see the Introduction. 



84 jl^ote0 

Indebtedness to Latin models becomes a crucial question in this instance. L. 
the main my contention is that the English poet owes little in the way of in- 
spiration to any one : he borrows a thought, a phrase, here and there, but the 
poetry is nearly all Ms own. However, opinions still differ to some extent, 
and I desire to put che student in the way of forming an opinion for himself. 
There is a supposed debt hereto Ealdhelm, Tatwine (the only instance in which 
I acknowledge even a possibility) and Eusebius. I give the Latin originals, 
and add a translation because the Latin is often crabbed and difficult. 

Ealdhelm v. 3 : De Penna Scriptoria (quill pen). 

Me pridem genuit candens onocratalus albam 
Gutture qui patulo sorbet de gurgite lymphas. 
Pergo per albentes directo tramite campos, 
Candentique viae vestigia caerula linquo, 
Lucida nigratis fuscans amfractibus arva. 
Nee satis est unum per campos pandere callem : 
Semita quin potius milleno tramite tendit. 
Quae non errantes, ad ccsli culmina vexit. 

(I am white, and long ago I was born of a milk-white pelican whose throat 
sucks down the waters of the wide-stretching mere. I go in a straight track 
over white plains, and on the milk-white way I leave deep blue traces, dark- 
ening the bright fields with gloomy, winding paths. I am not satisfied with 
opening up a single track through the plains: nay, rather with a thousand by- 
paths extends the route, which carries such as go not astray up to the heights 
of heaven.) Here, as in other riddles of Ealdhelm, there is undoubtedly a cer- 
tain resemblance in the thought. 

Tatwine 5 : De Membrano (parchment). 

Efferus exuviis populator me spoliavit, 

Vitalis pariter flatus spiramina dempsit; 

In planum me iterum campum sed verterat auctor : 

Frugiferos cultor sulcos mox irrigat undis, 

Omnigenam nardi mersem mea prata rependunt 

Qua sanis victum et lesis prestabo medelam. 

(A ruthless pillager stripped me from a skin and likewise took away the holes 
through which passed the breath of life ; the preparer next pounds me into a 
leycl surface; soon the dresser waters the fruitful furrows, my level fields pay 



Jtote0 85 

back a manifold and fragrant harvest, whereby I shall give livelihood to the 
healthy and healing to the sick.) The original is obscure and far-fetched; 
the 0£. is, I think, quite independent of it."* 
Eusebius 35: De Penna. 

Natura simplex stans, non sapio undique quicquam, 
Sed mea nunc sapiens vestigia quisque sequetur; 
Nunc tellurem habitans, prius ethera celsa vagabarj 
Candida conspicior, vestigia tetra relinquens. 

(By nature I am simple and have no wisdom in any way, but now every 
v'se man will follow my tracks; now I dwell on earth, erewhile I roamed on 
high through the heavens; I am white in appearance, though I leave black 
traces). There is little suggestion here which might not more probably have 
been got from Ealdhelm (v. sup.). 

6. sindrum begrunden : lit. deprived by grinding of impurities, i.e. 
with the impurities ground off. 

7. fugles Wyn : lit. bird's joy, i. e. goose-quill. 

8. Gr-W. reads ' geond [sprengde]' etc., with a comma after * speddro- 
pum.' The principle usually adopted in recent editing of old texts, and es- 
pecially in the works of this series, is, to retain the reading of the MS. in 
the text whenever it makes sense. In this instance it cannot be denied that 
the reading of the MS. passes that test. In its favour is the fact that * geond- 
sprengde (MS. spregde) ' occurs once only, in the prose Guthlac. Against it 
is the fact, that * geond ' following its case, and especially in the next line, is un- 
paralleled. The metre is inconclusive. 

spyrede geneahhe : made frequent traces. 

10. Streames deele : this may be a mere parallel to * beamtelge,' or 
it may mean that the dye was mixed with water. 

11. sijjade svreartlast : journeyed on leaving a black track. 

13-4. for)?on — blfongen : and thus the artistic works of smiths, en- 
circled with wire-ornament, adorned me — possibly, delighted me (dat.); but 
it would be a unique occurrence of the verb in the latter sense. 

It is interesting to compare the first half of this riddle with part of the story 
of the famous MS. of the Lindisfarne Gospels as given by the glossariat in the 
colophon : ** E'Siluald Lindisfearneslondinga bisc. hit lita gi^ryde 7 gibelde, 

* The first lines of Rid. 26 are a reproduction of Tatwine De Membrano 
11. 1,2; but the poet soon works himself free, and gives it a Christian turn, — • 
Herzfeld (p. 29). 



86 jliote^ 

sua he uel cu'Sae. 7 Billfri'S se oncrae, he gismio'^^ade ^a gihrino, "Sa "Se utan 
on sint, 7 hit gihrinade mi's golde 7 mi^ gimmum, aec mi'Ssulfre ofcrgylded 
faconleas feh." 

15-7. Nu J?a — wite : Now let those ornaments, and the red dye, and 
the glorious possessions (codexes or libraries) celebrate widely the Sovereign of 
nations — not be, as some think, a stupid penance. This is the best I can 
make of this difficult passage ; it falls in well enough with the poet's enthusi- 
astic praise of reading in the following lines, and no doubt there were then, as 
now, many to whom reading was a penance. 

X 8. min : me, genitive governed by ♦ brucan. ' 

23. J?a : who, subject of the three remaining verbs of the sentence. 

27. Mead 

2. burghleo]7Uni : perhaps we should read beorg-hleopum, mountain- 
ilopes, as in 57'. 

4. Notice the curious " transverse " alliteration of this line — an antici- 
pation of Lyly. 

5. hr5fes hleo: the hive, or possibly the honeycomb. 

9. ]?aet : this, with forward reference to 1. 1 1 . 

mec fehS ong^ean: grapples with me, i^'on is frequently construed with 
preps. Cp. Bcoiuulf 1542 : * him togeanes feng,' clutched at him. 

10. g^ensesteS — unique occurrence. Perhaps we ought to read gt' 
hnasteS i cp. gehnait, conflict. 

12. Sec note on ll'°. 

28. John Barleycorn 

Cp. the well known poem by Burns. 

** I have already mentioned the drinking habits of our early ancestors, and 
mocked at the accusation of a special barbarism leveled against them on this 
account — as if they were not in the eighth century the most cultivated people 
in Europe, In all Anglo-Saxon poetry, in these Riddles written by a wander- 
ing Bohemian, there is a tone of contempt for the drunkard." — Brooke. 

8. ClengeS lengeS. Emendation is difficult, if not impossible, for 
*clengc'5 lenge^ ' seems an intentional jingle, like those in 11. 2 and 4-6. C, 
required for the alliteration, disqualifies Thorpe's glengeS^ adorns. B-T. gives 
*' Dream cUngeS = joy exhilarates," which helps to increase the difficulty, 
Grein translates ** Es verlangert den Jubel " (It prolongs the merry noise), 
which is good sense and seems the best way out. 



10, bruceS . . . spriceS: see note on 5". 

11. deaj'e : the death of John Barleycorn. 

29. Moon and Sun 

" It is characteristic of Cynewulf, who probably derived his firit idea of 
this riddle from that of Eusebius on the same subject, that he departs altogether 
from the way Eusebius treats the subject. In Eusebius, sun and moon are 
friendly. Here they are enemies, — their strife is renewed each night and day. 
Defeat and victory and pursuit are incessantly interchanged. The little poem is 
a true piece of imaginative and mythical Nature-poetry, and the end is as terse 
and rapid as it would be in the hands of Tennyson." — Brooke. 

See Tapper 104 (2). 

I am convinced that Dietrich's solution, * Moon and Sun,' is the right 
one, but it does not meet with the approval of Walz and Trautmann. 

Walz says: "Dietrich's solution was doubtless suggested by the phrases 
' hornum bitweonum * in 1, 2 and * lyftfaet leohtlic' in 1. 3. It finds no justi- 
fication in any other part of the riddle." (How " absolute " these solution- 
mongers are ! ) So Walz proposes " Cloud and wind." " LI. 5 and 6 express 
poetically that the cloud wished to rest above the castle" (to which Traut.' 
unkindly retorts: ** but if one could only comprehend for what reason and for 
what purpose the cloud should cherish such a wish! "), '* In 1. 7 the wind 
appears above the top of the wall." (The plot thickens !) ** L. 12 expresses 
the result of this feud between wind and cloud: dust rises and rain falls (* deaw ' 
poetically used for rain); then night comes on (this makes the disappearance 
of the wind all the more mysterious)." The fact is that all such detailed expla- 
nations of things "poetically" expressed are unfailingly ridiculous. 

Trautmann is equally absolute and almost equally amusing. He abandoned 
his first solution * Swallow and sparrow,' and adopted half of Walz's. " The 
quite correct solution, as I did not recognize till later, must be * bird and 
wind.' . . . The correct solution can only be ' Bird and wind. ' " The * hor- 
num ' are the upper and lower bill. The * hupe ' (1. 4) is straw or a feather 
fi^r the nest. "Then came a[n other] being (the wind) over the top of the 
I'^ll. It took the booty from the luckless one [snatched the feather from the 
bird] and drove him home against his will. ' ' The last third of the riddle is en- 
tirely irrelevant to the bird. "The expression lyft-fat (1. 3) agrees with a 
Istraw or a blade of grass just as well as it does with a feather : both are hollow 
and filled with air." 



8S jpotesf 

Let the student read the riddle three times, each time with one of the above 
solutions in mind, and then decide for himself. 

2. huj'e: the spoil is the ring of the old moon. Cp. Sir Patrick Spens 
^' ^^- << I saw the new moon late yestreen, 

Wi' the auld moon in her arm." 

5. walde: Anglian for wolde ; Siev. ^ 428, N. 4. 
hyre : for herself, referring either to * wiht ' (1. I ) or to the unknown 
solution (see note on 21^). This makes much better sense than referring it to 

* hupe.' 'Hit' in the next line I take to be impersonal. 

13. niht forS gewat: Night went forth. 

13— A. Walz compares John iii. 8 : '* The wind bloweth where it listeth, and 
thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither 
it goeth." 

"Dietrich's solution of E. B. R. xxix., Moon and Sun, seems to me 
strongly supported by the close likeness between the last lines of the riddle, 

* Nor did any one of men know afterwards the wandering of that wight,' 
and Vienna MS. 67, No. 60 {Luna), 1-2 (Mone, Anzeiger vin. 219) : — 

* Quo movear gressu nullus cognoscere tentat, 
Cernere nee vultus per diem signa valebit.' " — Tupper. * 

30. 

This is the first riddle, the answer to which I give up with regret. I first 
give the suggested solutions, then add a few words of comment. 

Diet.'s solution * Water' is the generally accepted answer to No. 83. 

" E. B. R. XXX., Rainwater, also points to the Natural History chapter. 
That it is one of the Water cycle, no one can for a moment doubt who com- 
pares it carefully with Vienna MS. 67, No. 50 (Mone, Anzeiger viii. 219); 
Brussels MS. 604 (12th cent.), No. 48 (Id., 40) ; Strasshurger Ratselbuch 
Nos. 52, 54, 57 ; and Scaliger's Plwvia (Reusner I. 1 84). Blackburn's solu- 
tion, Beam (Wood) — indeed his entire theory — is based upon the sandy 
foundation of insufficient knowledge of riddle-literature." — Tupper. 

F. A. Blackburn, in the Journal of Germanic Philology, in. 4-7, says: 
" The true solution, I think, is ' an beam,' in the various senses that the word 

* Traut.^: " Tupper is always sure that two riddles have the same solution 
when he discovers in them a common, or distantly similar, trait ; what else is 
in the two riddles does not matter to him." 



Jliotrs; 89 

carries in OE., tree^ log, ship and cross (probably also harp and bowl).** Here 
is his translation: 

* ' I am agile of body, I sport with the breeze ; (tree) 
I am clothed with beauty, a comrade of the storm ; (tree) 
I am bound on a journey, consumed by fire j * (Mp, tree) 
A blooming grove, a burning gleed. (tree, log) 
Full often comrades pass me from hand to hand, (harp) 
Where stately men and women kiss me. (cup ?) 
When I rise up, before me bow 
The proud with reverence. Thus it is my part 
To increase for many the growth of happiness, (the cross) 

Traut.^ (p. 211) says: •* No one (Tupper naturally excepted) will agree 
that Dietrich's solution. Water, is correct." He abandons his earlier solution 
das ahrenfeld ' (cornfield) in favor of Blackburn's 'beam,' with whom he 
agrees also in preferring the B. text. But he does not agree that beam can 
mean ' ship,' < harp ' or * cup.' Beam = ship is supported only by 10', where 
the true reading is ' bea[r]mes.' Traut.^ thus reduces beam to two meanings: 
(l) * tree ' in 11. 1-4, (2) * Cross ' in 11. 5-9. ' Fus for'Sweges ' (1. 3) then 
refers to tree-felling, * fyre gemylted ' (1. 3 ) to faggots. 

Here, as in every other instance, my chief concern is to put the student, 
as far as space permits, in a position to decide for himself. I do not myself 
feel that the right solution has yet been proposed. Very likely our knowledge 
does not suffice for us to think ourselves back into the right surroundings and 
conditions. If a riddle is a good one, I find the best test of the correct solu- 
tion to be a feeling of satisfaction in reading it through with the answer in mind. 
I have not that feeling in this instance, and I am not satisfied about the read- 
ing of the first line (v. inf. ) . 

I. lig, leg, flame, are the readings of A and B. Gr-W. reads * lie 
bysig,' a busy body; but I am very sceptical as to whether Ifc is ever used in 
this sense, or even can bear it. I find it so used in no other riddle ; cp. lo', 
65*. Grein's lu-bysig, **mit meinem Leib geschaftig (busy with my body)," 
adopted by Blackburn and Traut.', is found nowhere else in OE. literature. 
Therefore, until I know what the riddle means, I retain the MS. reading. 
This uncertainty as to the meaning makes it difficult to decide in some lines 
which version gives the better reading ; and this is the more tantalizing because 
OE. so rarely offers an editor the luxury of a choice of readings. 

* See the B. readings given in the foot-notes to the text. 



90 jl^ote0 

6. See Traut.', pp. 214-5, for a note on ** the kiss of peace," where he| 
attempts' to show that the practice of kissing the pax at mass arose in Englan<^ 
and spread hence to the other churches. j 

7. onheebbe = onh^bbe, raise. For a alternating with f see Siev. § 89,1 
N. I . No verb onhabban is known. , 

31. Bagpipe 
This is a very obscure and difficult riddle. It may be very corrupt, for 
11. 4, 6 and 24, as they stand in the MS., do not scan. The most favoured; 
answer is ' Bagpipe,' to which 1. 17 appears to point. There is an excellent 
article by Stone on this instrument in Grove's Dictionary of Music. It ^ 
mentioned by Procopius (6th cent.) as the war instrument of the Romai;| 

infantry. .. r u 

4. -w€r may easily have been omitted by '• anticipation of the ivtr- im 

'votrum. 

13. hwonne ser : how soon, when. 

heo : the reed-chanter J see note on 1. 22. 
22. br5^or : the * brothers,' the reed-drones of the bagpipe, brothers ol 
the reed-chanter. *'The pipe upon which the melody is performed is called 
the 'chanter,' and is fitted with a double reed. The other pipes, called! 
* drones,' which sound simultaneously with the chanter, have a single ree<^ 
and produce only one note each " (Nelson's Encyclopedia ^ 1906). 

32. 

The solutions * Ship ' and ♦ Wheel ' seem to do almost equally weU: riddle- 
analogues appear to favour the former. 

I, 2. Cp. the opening lines of 31. 

3. si)?um sellic : Grein takes these words with * searo,' but the symme* 
try of the sentence favors the punctuation here adopted. " 

6. exle: see Siev. § 108. 2(a). 
fet: the keel (?). 

9. mu6 : the hatchway (?) . 

10. ' Bears abundance of food to the people.* Sprach., followmg Diet., 
glosses ' fere' (MS.) as accus. of >r«; ' fere . . . dreoge-5 * =/;«?, fod- 
durwelan' is genitive, ' folcscipe ' dative. I read * fer,' dialectal for /^ 
neut. (see B-T.), on the ground xh2A fere for fare is impossible, whUe /*• 
iorfar occurs more than once. 



33. Ice-floe, Iceberg, Ice 

Diet, makes three apposite quotations from Latin: (i) from Aenigmata ve- 
terum poetarum , p. 44: ** Mater me genuit, eadem mox gignitur ex me " ; (2) 
from Mone, An-zeiger viii. 316: "Quam mater genuit, generavit filia ma- 
trem *'; (3) ib. 224 : *' Creatam rursus ego concipio matrem "; and adds: 
*♦ All that is abstract and jejune; how much better and livelier in the Anglo- 
Saxon poet, who again has created a warrior, a sea-hero, out of the subject 
of the riddle." 

** The Roman grammarian, Pompeius, tells us that this question was often 
bandied about by the small boys of Rome." — Tupper, p. 4 (q v.). 

" We dissemble againc under covert and darke speaches, when we speake 
by way of riddle {Enigma) of which the sence can hardly be picked out, but 
by the parties owne assoile, as he that said: 

* It is my mother well I wot. 
And yet the daughter that I begot.' 

Meaning it by the ise which is made of frozen water, the same, being 
molten by the sunne or fire, makes water againe." — Puttenham, The Arte 
of English Poesie, 1589. 

" But Cynewulf only brings in this fancy at the end of his riddle. The rest 
— the audacious Ice Viking, victoriously dashing through the sea, with all 
his ship ringing as it goes, and he himself shouting on the prow — that is 
CynewulPs alone, and it is another illustration of the absurdity of those who 
pass over these riddles of his as a mere imitation of the Latin." — Brooke 
(i. 249). 

I. w5ge, apparently a Kentish form (Siev. § 151. (i)) which occurs 
nowhere else in the Riddles. 

5. Gr-W. reads * Waes his hete grim.' For ' hetegrim ' cp. Andreas 1395 
and 1562. Herzfeld's objection to the MS. reading, which I have retained, 
is that * hilde to szene ' contradicts * hetegrim ' and * biter beadoweorca. ' I 
doubt if that objection can be sustained. I render somewhat freely: ** too 
sluggish [in beginning] battle, [but] bitter in deeds of war [when begun]. ' 
That is not inconsistent with * fierce in hate ' ; rather, it might be given as a 
definition of hete-grim. Sane is regularly construed with the genitive, and I 
am prepared to say neither that the MS. reading is impossible, nor even that 
it i* inferior to the emendations suggested (sec also foot-note to text). Cp. 
Andreas 204, 211, and Doomsday 88. 



92 0om 

6. bordweallas: sides of ships hung round with shields. 

7, Contrast Beoivulf ^01 : ' onband beadu-rune,' he opened a quarreL 

34. Rake 

5. weallas : lit. walls ; mounds, banks, slopes, hillocks. 

6. bij?: see note on 5^^. 

35. Coat of Mail 

This riddle, in Northumbrian dialect, is also found in MS. Voss. Q. 106 
in the University Library at Leyden, * in a continental hand of the ninth cen- 
tury ' (Sweet). The text here given is from Dr. O. B. Schlutter's reading or 
the MS. {Anglia xxxii. pp. 384-388, 516). 

Letters in italics are missing or unrecognisable in the MS. Where the sense 
differs materially from that of the West Saxon version a translation is given in 
parentheses. 

Mec se ueta er'S-uong uundrum freorig 

ob his inna'Sze Srist cxnda: 

Ni uuat ic mec biuorthae uuUan fliusum, 

herum ^erh hShcraeft, hygidohta vyn (the joy of thoughts). 
5 Uundnae me ni bia^ ueflae, ni ic uarp hafae 

ni 15erih ^reavungi'Sraec "Srje/ me hlaemme'S (tivisting pressure). 

Ne me hrutende hrisil scelfae'5 (shakes, rattles), 

nc mec ouana aam sceal cnyissan. 

Uyrmas mec ni aueflin uyndicraeftum (spinning-craft) ^ 
10 ^at5i goelu godueb geatum fraetuath. 

Uil mec huethrae suse'Seh uidae ofaer eor'Su 

haatan mith h^li'Sum hyhtlic giujede. 

Ni ancegun ic me aerigfaerae egsan brogum, 

"Seh^i nimaen flanas fracadllcae ob cocrum ( I fear not arrow-fights 
with shocks of terror, though they take shafts from their quinjers with evil in-\ 
tent). 8. MS. caam. I 

Tupper, p. 9 8 , says : * * Only in the first three [Riddles 3 5 , 40 and 6 6] is the Eng- 1 
lish rendering literal, and two of these constitute a poetic homily rather than , 
an enigma. R. 3 5, in its two forms, stands out as the solitary instance in our col- 
lection of a very close translation of a Latin puzzle. ' ' Brooke says that th(? , 
English poet '• expands into poetry " the Latin phrases. 



Jpote0 93 

It it neocsiary therefore, for purposes of comparison, to give Ealdhelm'i 
nddle: 

IV. 3: De lorica (breastplate). 
Roscida me genuit gelido de vircere tellus. 
Non sum setigero lanarum vellere facta, 
Licia nulla trahunt, nee garrula fila resultant. 
Nee crocea Seres texunt bnugine vermes, 
Nee radiis carpor, duro nee pectine pulsor: 
Et tamen en vestis vulgi sermone vocabor. 
Spicula non vereor longis exempta pharetris 
The dewy earth brought me forth from her cold womb. I am not made of 
I hairy fleece of woolj no leashes draw me tight, nor do threads vibrate with 
'ocal sound, no Chinese worms weave me from downy floss of saflron hue- 
am not plucked at by the shuttle, nor struck by the ruthless sley; and yet,' 
o! I shall be caUed a garment in common parlance. I fear not darts drawn 
rom long quivers). This is certainly a help to the understanding of our riddle 
whether with Diet, we call the latter a free, or with Tupper a literal, transla- 
ion. 

Herzfeld points out that this riddle difl^'ers from the others in that the syn- 
actical sections correspond with the metrical instead of crossing them, as thev 
'sually do. = » / 

i 4. min: gcjiitive sing, of the personal pron. here, not an adj. 

t 8. sceal amas. This reading, a peculiarly harsh conjunction of sing 

erb with plural subject, is inferior to that of the Leyden MS. (* am sccal 

nyssan ') in both grammar and metre. 

! 10. geologodwebbrsilk. 

[ II. The omission of the redundant * se peah ' would greatly improve the 

36. 

See sheet of figures. 

This is one of the riddles one wishes at the bottom of the Bay of Portugal : 
lere is no poetry in it, and the ingenuity is misplaced. Traut. divides it into 
vo parts at 1. 7 ; but the horse, man, dog, bird, woman of 11. 10, 11, with 
le thing Itself, agree so far with 11. 6, 7. If we take 11. 8-13 as a separate 
ddle, \ye may read * foldwegas ' in 1. 8, and the solution Bat is suggested. 
■ Dietrich takes a line of interpretation which may be first given and then 
jtplained : 



Written 


h w 


Interpreted 


h 5 


Order 


12 8 


Meaning 


sugu 



94 i^Ot^0 

MMxIRfwfqxxs 
m m ni r fd eguu« 
14 5 13 6 II 9 7 10 3 2 4 I 

mid 5 ferhum 

= sow with a litter of five pigs. 

This interpretation is obtained in the following way : (i) The common arti- 
fice has been adopted of writing, instead of a vowel, the consonant following 
it in the alphabet, y for ^, x for u. (2) Two mistakes in copying have been 
made [as usual !] : ^ should be g, and the second tu should h& d. ( 3 ) The first 
IV stands for 5. (4) The letters so corrected must be transposed as above. The 
two wings (1. 7 ) are the ears of the sow, which resembles a horse in its mane, a 
woman in having womb and teats, a dog in its snout and teeth. ' Flodwegas * 
is not to be altered to ' foldwegas ' ; it is an allusion to the pools which the 
sow loves to wallow in. 

Some support is given to this interpretation by Aldhelm's vi. 10 (below), 
and by other lines quoted by Prehn (p. 209), and a similar conceit occurs in 
the 30th riddle of the Her-varanaga. Aldhelm's riddle, De Scrofa pragnanti 
(Breeding Sow), opens thus : 

Nunc mihi sunt oculi bis seni in corpore solo 

Bis ternumque caput, sed caetera membra gubernat. I 

Nam gradior pedibus suffultus bis duodenis, i 

Sed novies deni sunt et sex corporis ungues, 

Synzygias numero pariter simulabo pedestres. 
(Now I have twice six eyes in one body and twice three heads, and they 
guide the rest of the limbs. For I walk supported by twice twelve feet, and 
my body has nine times ten and six hoofs, and I shall make believe that 1 1 
have pairs of feet equal in number.) I 

Diet, was at least right in supposing that we have here an example of the^ 
common device, in disguised writing, of substituting for each vowel the fol- 
lowing consonant : b = a, f = e, k = i, p = o, x = u. 

LI. 4, 5 appear to contain the OE. and the Latin for man, woman, horse: 
— monn, homo j wif, mulier ; hors, equus. Traut. boldly says that this is 
so, but does not explain the somewhat obvious discrepancies. 

So far the critics had been dealing with an incorrect, misread text, as given 
in Gr-W., viz : hiv M . . , M x I Rfivf . . . q x x s. Holthausen 
{Engl. Stud. vol. 37, p. 208) considered that the text should read : h p m 
[/>]... m X lkfr,f . . . qxxs=(m disguised writing) homo, mulier,, 



jl^otes: 95 

equi". This is very nearly the true reading of the MS., as may be seen in 

the reproduction, in the sheet of figures, of my tracing. But the scribe of 

! the MS. made three mistakes: it is obvious tha the omitted the second /> (= o) 

• in homo ; and he twice wrote zv for another letter, for the first p (= o) in homo 

I and for tlae r in mulier. 

The suggested solution is Ship: the four feet under its belly are the oars, 
and the eight on its back are supposed to be those of the man, woman and 
horse. We have to add the dog, the bird and the creature itself (or the fig- 
urehead) to get the two wings, twelve eyes and six heads (11. 6, 7), but ap- 
parently the feet of the dog and bird don't count. This is what is known 
as a Monster riddle. " A very weak monster ... A most scurvy monster 
... An abominable monster ... A most ridiculous monster." 

I am not without hope that my arrangement of the text in 11. 4, 5 may 
; be accepted as final. 

4. ehtuwe, eight ; an Anglian form (Siev. § 325. 8). Grein's suggestion 
(see foot of text) would mean, * we took the thing for a man, etc. * 

8. flodwegas: Grein gives one other instance of faran with the accus., 
Andreas 774. 

9-H. The periphrastic conclusion is usually punctuated: pu ivast gif pu 
const to gesecganne, thou knowest whether thou canst say. But I know no 
other instance of conn with the dat. infin., and the sense is at any rate no 
feebler with the punctuation in the text : * Thou knowest how to say, if thou 
canst. * 

37. Bellows 
With 11. 5-7 should be compared Symphosius, no. 72, Follis (bellows) : 

INon ego continuo morior, dum spiritus exit ; 
Nam redit assidue, quamvis et saepe recedat, 
Et mihi nunc magna est animae, nunc nulla facultas 

(I do not die forthwith when my breath leaves me ; for it constantly returns, 
though as often it departs ; and one moment I have a great store of air, the 
next I have no power at all). 

4. The emendations I have suggested are, I admit, based on the supposition 
that the solution is Bellows. But the changes are not great and seem to give 
sense for nonsense. I translate : * A servant followed, a very strong fellow, 
and had endured much where (if, in that) what filled it escaped through its 
eye,' i.e. it was hard on the blower that the wind he filled the bellows with 



96 jliotesf 

flew out at once through its eye. Geflran = endure, suffer, is not uncom- 
mon (see Andreas 677, 1403) ; pat might easily be dropped out after par y 
and felde is a dialectal form of fylde. For pat = what, cp. l^*, 3^^, 3^^, 
16' etc. 

38. Bullock 

This is almost a free translation of Aldhelm, iii. 11, De Bove, sive de 
Juvenco ( Ox or steer) : 

Arida spumosis dissolvens faucibus ora 

Bis binis bibulus potum de faucibus hausi. 

Vivens nam terrae glebas cum stirpibus imis 

Nisu virtutis validae disrumpo feraces: 

At vero linquit dum spiritus algida membra, 

Nexibus horrendis homines constringere possum 

(Slaking the dryness of my mouth with foaming throat I thirstily drew in 
my drink from twice two throats. While living I break up the fertile clods 
of soil along with the stubble by the effort of my stout strength j but when 
the breath leaves my chill frame, I can bind men fast in terrible bonds). 

Prehn (p. 212, § 27) thinks Eusebius no. 37 is here very closely adhered 
to J he compares with 11. 6 and 7: 

et si vixero, rumpere coUes 
Incipiam, vivos moriens aut alligo multos. 

He says that the * Mon ' of 1. 5 means Eusebius, not Aldhelm as Dietrich 
thought. 

** Unfortunately for this conclusion, other Latin riddles of the Old Eng- 
lish period furnish quite as clgse a parallel to E. B. R. xxxviii. Bede, Flores, 
No. 12, gives the following: — * Vidi filium inter quattuor fontes nutritum: 
si vivus fuit, disrupit monies : si mortuus fuit, alligavit vivos. ' And I find the 
same motive later in Brit. Mus. MS. Burney 59 (eleventh cent.), fol. 
II b.: — 

* Dum juvenis fui, quattuor fontes siccavi ; 

Cum autem senui, montes et valles versavi ; 

Post mortem meam vivos homines ligavi,' 

In the light of the wide vogue of the riddle, the chief claim of Eusebius as a 
•ource fails." — Tupper (p. 99). 



iliote0 97 

I. J>a wiht : fem. i-stem; cp. iviAte, 37', where the word has passed 
over to the ordinary declension. 

4. on gesceap J^eotan is something of a crux, /fhtan, rush, issue 
with a noise, gush, makes an admirable parallel to sceotan ; but on gesceap is 
difficult ; for the present I translate it, * into the creature,' the calf. Grein 
translates * nach Geschick tosen (resound as their destiny is ?),' but this both 
lacks authority and makes feeble sense. B-T. suggests that "perhaps gesceap- 
peote may be a compound noun meaning the teat." Against this is the fact 
that it leaves gesceap- practically meaningless ; moreover the word does not 
readily enter into compounds j only one is recorded, gescap-hiu'tl (Beow. 26), 
fated hour. Besides, ' teat ' is not the sense required 5 the four springs brightly 
shoot into something ; if we are to assume a compound, it must surely cor- 
respond with the calPs ' spumosis faucibus ' in Aldhelm's riddle. 

5. Mon : see quotation from Tapper above. 

6. duna briceS, will break downs, i.e. plough. 

7. bindeS cwice, it will bind the living, i.e. with thongs made of hide. 

39. Day 

With reference to the adj. earmost in 1. 14 Dietrich says that the pov- 
erty of the day was proverbial. This statement (if taken literally) seems to 
lack authority. I find no allusion to the poverty of the day in any dictionary 
or collection of proverbs ancient or modern. Among the 668 proverbs under 

* Tag ' (day) in Wander's Sprichivorter Lexicon in 5 volumes I find none that 
directly or indirectly refer to the poverty of Day. Stories in which Day and 
Night wrangle about their respective merits seem to know nothing of the 

* proverbial ' poverty of Day (' Nacht und Tag,' E. Bock, Deutsches Lesebuchy 
etc.). No doubt Day, the son of Night {irbTVLa N^^), the mother of deathless 
gods and mortal men, was looked upon as the less opulent, less teeming of the 
two 5 but was that opinion ever clothed in the memorial form of a proverb ? 

15. J?ara J^e . . . Waere. Such expressions as ale [aghtvylc) Sara de 
are regularly followed by a singular verb in OE., that is to say, 3e agrees with 
the remoter antecedent He: see 11. 25-6. Hence by confused analogy the 
same construction is found where, as here, the remoter antecedent is plural. 

18. bearnum. Beam is frequently used with a dependent genitive, as in 
40^^, 4 1'*, meaning * children of men, men,' but I know no instance of its 
being used alone in this sense. I therefore suggest the reading beornum. 



98 iliotes; 

40. Creation 
From the indication of parallel passages given below it will be seen how 
closely the English follows Aldhelm's Latin. It is in fact a translation with a 
little padding. ' ' Even the Riddle De Creatura, the most closely followed of 
them all, is continually altered towards imaginative work" (Brooke). Some 
of the verses are in a different order, and the end is wanting. As in other 
cases I have added a translation of the Latin. 

XIIL De Creatura (Creation). 

Conditor, eternis fulsit qui saecla columnis "^ 

Rector regnorum fraenans et fulmina lege, I Cp. no. 40, 

Pendula dum patuli vertuntur culmina mundi, [ 11. 1— 5 

Me variam fecit primo dum conderet orbem. J 

Pervigii excubiis nunquam dormire juvabit, ) 6-1 1 

Sed tamen extemplo clauduntur lumina somno. ) 

Nam Deus ut propria mundum ditione guberhat, ) t2_tc 

Sic ego complector sub cceH cardine cuncta. ) -^ 

Segnior est nullus, quoniam me larvula terret 16, 1 7 

10 Setigero rursus constans audacior apro. 18, 19 

Nullus me superat cupiens vexilla triumphi, 
Ni Deus aethrali summus qui regnat in arce. 
Prorsus odorato thure fragrantior halans 
Olfactum Ambrosiae, necnon crescentia glebae. 
Lilia purpureis possum connexa rosetis y ^3~3* 

Vincere, spirantis nardi dulcedine plena: 
Nunc olida coeni squalentis sordc putresco. 
Omnia quaeque polo sunt subter et axe reguntur. ) 
Dum pater arcitenens concessit, jure guberno. V 33-37 

ao Grossas et graciles rerum comprenso figuras, ) 

Altior en caelo rimor secreta Tonantis, ) ^8_at 

Et tamen inferior terris tetra Tartara cerno. } 
Nam senior mundo pracessi tempora prisca ; ) a-t-ac 
Ecce tamen matris horna generabar ab alvo. j ^ t'J 



Pulchrior auratis dum fulget fibula buUis ; 



46-49 



Horridior rhamnis, et spretis vilior algis. 

Latior en patulis terrarum finibus exto, } -„_-_ 

Et tamen in media concludor parte pugilli. ^ ^ ^^ 



ipote^ 99 

Frigidior brumis, necnon candentc prulna, ) 

30 Cum sim Vulcani flammis torrentibus ardens. ( 54-57 
Dulcior in palato quam lenti nectaris haustus. ) ^ , 
Dirior et rursus quam glauca abslnthia campi. ) ^ 
Mando dapes mordax lurcorum more Cyclopum, ) /- ^ 
Cum possim jugiter sine victu vivere felix: ) ~ 5 

Plus pernix aquilis, Zephyri vclocior alis, 
Necnon accipitre properantior, et tamen horrens 
Lumbricus et limax et tarda testudo palustris, \- 66-73 
Atque fimi soboles sordentis cantharus ater 
Me, dicto citius, vincunt certamine cursus, 

40 Sic gravior plumbo scopulorum pondera verge: ) 

Sum levior pluma cedit cui tippula lymphae. ) '^i' 
Nam silici densas fundit qui viscere flammas ) g 
Durior aut ferro, testis sed mollier extis. j 7 1 7y 
Cincinnes capitis nam geste cacumine nulles. ] 
Ornent qui frontem pompis et tempera setis ; I „ 
Cum mihi caesaries volitent de vertice crispae, | 
Plus calamistratis se comunt quae calamistro J 
Pinguior en multo screfarum exungia glesco, 'J 
Glandiferis iterum referunt dum corpora fagis, J ^ 

50 Atque saginata laetantur carne subulci: 
Sed me dira fames macie terquebit egenam, 
Pallida dum jugiter dapibus satiabor opimis 
Limpida sum fateer Titanis clarior orbe, 
Candidior nivibus dum ningit vellere nimbus ; 
Carceris et multo tenebris ebscurier atris, 
Atque latebrosis ambit quas Tartarus umbris. 
Ut globus astrorum plasmor teres atque rotunda, 
Spherula seu pilae, necnon et forma crystalli: 
Et versa vice pretender ceu Serica pensa ^ 

60 Porrecta in gracilem pannum seu stamina pepli. l 20 o 
Senis ecce plagis latus qua panditur orbis j ' ~ ^ 

Ulterior multo tender, mirabile fatu ; J 

Infra me suprave nihil per saecula constat ; \ o /; 
Ni rerum genitor mundum sermone coercens. J " 

Grandior in glaucis quam ballena fluctibus atra, ") 92-97 
Et minor exiguo sulcat qui corpore verme, j 



100 jl^oteflJ 

Aut modico Phoebi radiis qui vibrat atomo. 

Centenis peditus gradior per gramina ruris. 

Et penitus nunquam per terram pergo pedester, 
70 Sic mea prudentes superat sapientia Sophos, 

Nee tamen in byblis docuit me littera dives, 

Aut unquam quivi, quid constet syllaba, nosse. 

Siccior aestivo torrentis caumate Solis 

Rore madens iterum plus udo flumine fontis. 

Salsior et multo tumidi quam marmora ponti, 

Et gelidis terrae lymphis insulsior erro, 

Multiplici specie cunctorum compta colorum, 

Ex quibus ornatur praesentis machina mundi, 

Lurida cum toto nunc sim fraudata colore, 
80 Auscultate mei credentes famina verbi, 

Pandere quae poterit gnarus vix ora magister, 

Et tamen inficians non retur frivola lector j 

Sciscitor inflates, quo fungar nomine, Sophos 

(The Creator, who stablished the ages on eternal pillars, the Ruler of 
kingdoms, who bridles the lightnings by his law, while the heights of the 
wide-expanding universe are swaying to and fro in space, formed me in 
varied shapes, when in the beginning he founded the world. Wakefully I 
keep watch ; never in sleep shall I take pleasure ; yet forthwith my eyes are 
closed in sleep. For even as God rules the universe by his own power, so I 
embrace all things beneath the poles of the heavens. None is more cowardly, 
for a mere goblin affrights me, but again I have courage and am bolder than 
the bristly boar ( 10) . None outdoes me in my desire for the banners of victory, 
save God who reigns above in the heavenly heights. Truly I breathe forth a 
scent that smells sweeter than the fragrant frankincense, and yet I am a 
growth of the soil. Lilies mingled with bright rosaries I can surpass, and I am 
full of the charm of the sweet-scented nard. But now I rot away with the 
stinking noisomeness of filthy ordure. All things that exist and are ruled 
beneath the vault of heaven rightfully I govern, inasmuch as the Father, the 
Bow-bearer [Apollo], has given permission. Great and small shapes of things 
I hold in my grasp (20). Lo ! rising higher than the sky I search out the 
secrets of the Thunderer, and yet sinking lower than the earth I gaze on the 
hideous realms of Hell. For I am older than the universe and came before 
primaeval times 5 but lo! I was born from my mother's wonfib this year. 



i^otti lOI 

Fair am I while my clasp is shining with gilded amulets ; yet I am more re- 
pulsive than the buckthorn and more worthless than the despised seaweed. 
I spread wider than the far-stretching boundaries of the lands, and yet I can 
be held in the middle of a handful. I am colder than mid-winter and white 
frost, though I may be heated with the raging flames of the Fire-God (30). 
Sweeter on the palate I am than a draught of rich (lit. slow-flowing) nectar, and 
yet more horrid than the grey wormwood of the field. When I eat my food 
I bolt it like the gluttonous Cyclopes, though I can always live happily with- 
out food. Fleeter am I than the eagle, swifter than the wings of the West 
Wind, speedier than the hawk 5 and yet the cowering earth-worm, the snail, 
the slow turtle of the marshes, and the black worm that springs from foul 
ordure can outstrip me in the race quicker than it takes to tell. Though I am 
heavier than lead and cause heavy crags to rise in the scales (40), yet I am 
lighter than a feather and a water-spider is heavier than me. Yea I am harder 
than the rock which pours forth thick flames from its vitals, or than iron, 
yet softer than roasted tripe. I wear no curls on the crown of my head to 
adorn my forehead and temples with an artificial show of hair; for the curly 
locks growing from my head wave around it and they are more graceful than 
locks curled with the curling-iron. Lo, I grow far fatter than fat sows, when 
they come back from the beeches rich in mast and the swine-herds take de- 
light in their fattened flesh ( 50) : but dire hunger will torture me with lean- 
ness when I am needy, whereas rich feasts will ever bring me pallor and 
satiety. I am bright, I admit, brighter than the orb of the sun, whiter than 
snow when the clouds drop snow like wool ; darker by far than the black 
shadows of the dungeon, and the obscure gloom which Hell encompasses. 
Like a planet's globe I am moulded smooth and round, or a spherical ball, or 
a cr)'stal globe, and changing again I am extended like Chinese silk thread 
stretched out into thin material, or like the threads of a state robe (60). Lo, 
where the earth spreads out through its six zones, I extend much further, 
marvellous to tell ; below me and above me nothing exists throughout the 
ages, save the Father of all things who curbs the universe by his word. I am 
larger than the black whale in the grey waves, and smaller than the worm 
which makes a furrow with its little body or than the tiny atom that trembles 
in the sun's rays. With a hundred feet I walk through the grassy fields ; yet 
I never go at all through the land on foot. My wisdom surpasses the know- 
ledge of the philosophers (70) ; but I have not been taught by costly letters 
written on papyrus, nor could I ever understand what a syllable is. I am drier 
than the summer heat of the blazing sun : again I am more drenched with 



102 j|iote0 

dewy moisture than the watery stream from the spring. Salter am I than the 
smooth expanse of the heaving deep, and I wander about more insipid than 
the chill streams on land, adorned by the manifold beauty of all the hues to 
which the structure of this present universe owes its adornment ; though again 
I am wan and robbed of all my colour. Give ear and believe the tenor of my 
words (80), utterances that a clever master will scarce be able to explain j and 
yet a reader who dips into them would not think them trifling. I would ask 
of pufFed-up philosophers what name I bear) . 

2. "The first half of the line is obviously short. I believe ivealdeS has 
dropped out after ivreSstupum ; healdetS and ivealded occur together again in 
11. 5 & 22. For construction cp. Ps. 88'° : * Heofonas "Su wealdest.' 

5. ymb . . . hweorfeS, hy X.n\t%v& for ymbhiveorfedy encompasses. 

14-5. Creation says : * I, who am the word and instrument of the Creator, 
include all his creatures.' 

26. wrastra sc. on stence (1. 23). 

31-2. J^is fen swearte — stinceS: This seems to point to Peter- 
borough, Crowland or Ely; cp. 11, 48-9 & 71. 

42. \>2£S. I am reluctant to abandon the MS. reading for the weaker 
pes; pas bears the arsis much better. It may refer to heofon in 1. 38, or 
anticipate middangeard in 1. 43, or be used with a vague reference to what 
precedes (* I am much older than the circuit thereof). Tmbhivyrft is most 
often found with the dependent genitive eorSan^ but also with heofones and 
middangeardes ; cp. Orosius i. I : * ealne "Sisne ymbhwyrft 'Sises middan- 
geardes,' rendering orbem totius terrae. 

61. on hyrstum : Grein renders * im Blattschmuck' (amid the varie- 
gated leaves), confounding this masc. word, mod. hurst in place-names, with 
the fem. hyrst^ gehyrst, ornament. 

heasewe: the form is that of the nom. pi. of the adj. or (as here) that 
of the adv. 

65. sy: for the form see Siev. § 374, N. 4-6. 

66. pernex : a bird invented by the poet. I fear there can be no doubt that 
the Latin word pernix (see Aldhelm sup. 1. 35, ' Plus pernix aquilis') was 
a will o' the wisp to our early poets, for this is the very word which so griev- 
ously led Chaucer astray, when he, misled by Italian pernice, translated pernici- 
bus alts (^neid iv. 180)' partriches winges redely ' (House of Fame 1. 1392). 

71. hrej?re. The choice lies between hrepre = hradre (see 1. 72), and 
hrepre = repre, more fierce (zealous). For the former cp. Arede = hraUCy 
Beow. 991 J we find hretie = r'eSe in Genesis 2261, Guthlac 1 1 13, and 



I jliote0 103 

elsewhere. I reject the tautology of fore hrepre and gonge hradra in follow- 
ing lines. 

78. heardra. The variation of gender is noticeable throughout this 
piece; cp. hnescre (1. 80), bradre (50) and ivldgielra (51), and see Intro- 
duction : The Gender of x. 

82-3. These lines are repeated from 11. 50-1 ; there is sameness of idea, 
but not of wording, in the corresponding passages of the Latin. 

84. The second half of this line is short. 

91. For geJ?eon = Syivan^ dyn, see Siev. § 408, N. 12, 18. 

41- 

The solution of this fragment is not worth discussing. For suggested an- 
iwers in all cases see the Index in the Introduction. 

42. Cock and Hen 
[Ref.: Sievers Anglia xiii. 13.] _ 

9. twega ojjer : one of two (each). Nyd, ^sc, Ac & Haegel are the 
names of the runic characters for «, ^, a and h respectively. The riddle tells 
us that there are two «s, one a, two as and two ^s, and that there is one n 
in each name. The words are therefore hana and htien. 

1 1 . hwylc : an unusual and noteworthy use of kivylc, not recorded in 
B-T. The passage may be literally translated : ' if any one unlocked the 
bonds of that hoard-gate with the might of the key, which held the riddle 
concealed with cunning bands against the sages wise in heart.' 

17. hean mode. Heanmbdey dejected, is not suited to the context. 
Grein proposed heahmode^ haughty, which gives the required sense. But the 
same sense can be obtained by simply making Kean mode two words, * haughty 
in mind,' or * with (of) haughty mind' 5 parallels to both these constructions 
are not uncommon. 

43. Body and Soul (Mind) 

13—4. The common relation of both body and mind (soul), who is at 
once mother and sister, is the earth (Diet.). 

16, Sprice : I have retained this unusual form of the 1st pers. sing, both 
here and in 23" (Gr-W. keeps it there and alters it here). It must be 
i due to analogy with the mutated forms of the 2d and 3d persons ; spriceB 
occurs in 28'° (but spreceS in 20^^). 



104 il^otefif 

44. Key 

[Refs.: Walz 265 ; Traut.^ 192.] 

Dietrich also proposed Sheath, and Tupper says " either or both may be cor- 
rect, as each has strong support. " I doubt the applicability of the word ' pyrel ' 
(from purh) to a sheath. 

7. he. In face of the positive assertions of Trautmann and Cosijn, that 
the gender of the name of the solution is rigorously observed, it is noteworthy 
that the only solutions proposed for this riddle are cag, feminine, and iceaSy 
feminine. 

45. Dough 

* Confirmatory evidence of Dough is overwhelming. ' — Tupper. But the 
riddle itself seems sufficient evidence, as against the only other solution sug- 
gested, Bee. Any one who has seen bread made will acknowledge the accuracy 
of the description : the dough swelling, making sounds (the curious little hissing 
explosions as the yeast works through the mass), raising the roof or surface, 
and being covered with a cloth. 

46. Lot and his Daughters 

See Genesis xix. vv. 32-38. 

I. W^aer is a Northumbrian form. 



47. Bookworm 

This is one of the seven riddles that Tupper considers to be * * based so di- 
rectly upon the Latin that we may fairly regard them as translations or repro- 
ductions." The resemblance is obvious, but only in idea. The English riddle 
monopolizes the poetry. The Latin says the same thing three times in differ- 
ent words. But the reader shall judge for himself. 

Symphosius, No. 16. Tinea (Bookworm). 

Littera me pavit, nee, quid sit littera, novi. 

In libris vixi, nee sum studiosior inde. 

Exedi musas, nee adhuc tamen ipsa profeci 
(A letter was my food, yet I know not what a letter is. In books I lived, yet 
I am no more studious on that account. I devoured the Muses, yet so far I 
have made no progress). 

5. Jjaes strangan: I am not certain as to the meaning of these words. 
From their position I take them to be a subjective genitive: the foundation ^J ' 
is laid by the * wera sumes' of 1. 3, who is strong. 



iPotesf 105 

48. Chalice. 

Prehn suggested Monstrance, but the monstrance probably dates from the 
13th century and is certainly too late. See notes to Riddle 59. 

49. 

It maybe well to explain that Diet.'s first suggestion, Uhu, is a large owl, 
commonly used to decoy other birds. It is exposed in the daylight and they 
come to torment it. This my friend, Mr. Hight, tells me he has seen in the 
Harz. Diet, later abandoned this solution in favor of Book-chest, which still, 
if somewhat timidly, holds the field. The uncertainty as to the solution re- 
acts necessarily, to some extent, upon the translation. The subject of the rid- 
dle is something deaf and dumb (1. 2) which swallows from the hand of a 
gop (slave?). The dumb one is in the last line said to be swarthy {eorp)^ 
which clearly identifies it with the * thane ' of 1. 4, who is dark (^ivonna), 
black (siveart) and swarthy-faced (sa/oneb). But the poet also desires to mys- 
tify us about a race (<ry«, 1. 8), which Diet, takes to mean books, but which, 
as I translate (v. inf.), must mean scribes or, still better (with a pretty touch 
of professional delicacy), authors. 

8-H. I translate doubtfully: "I will not now yet name the race who 
prepare thus for his use and benefit what the mute, a swarthy ignoramus, 
swallows as said above" (^her . . . aer = her-ar, cp. her-after). 

50. Fire. 
9. life on lissum : for their joy in life. I take this to be one of the 
very rare instances where o«, governing the dative, follows its case. 

51. Quill-pen. 

This solution, put forward in Traut.^, is in possession of the field. The four 
creatures (1. i) are the thumb, two fingers and the pen, and the fighting war- 
rior that directs them (1. 6) is the arm. He compares Tatwine's riddle De 
Pennay which is * vincta tribus' (sc. digitis). The f^ted gold (1. 7) is the gold 
mount of the ink-horn; cp. 14'"^ 

52. Two Buckets in a Well. 

[Refs.: Trautmann in ^n^//a xvii. 3965 Walz 265; Traut.* 198; Tupper 
106.] 



io6 i^Otf0 

53. Battering Ram. 

Traut. proposes Spear (ncut.), although he (1. 8) and j^ arra (1. 12) ap- 
pear to break his own canon, that "the OE. riddlers very carefully preserve 
the gender of the solutions." On the other hand, ramm is masc. Diet, com- 
pares * purh his heafdes msgen ' (1. 9) with Aldhelm's De Ariete : * Turri- 
tas urbes capitis certamine quasso. ' 

12. faer genam : fell into danger or (possibly) fear. There is no other 
occurrence of the expression, and the metre is defective. 

13. in nearowe: lit. into straits, prob. into close conflict with it (se 
after a), 

54. Churn. 

The only competing solution is Diet.'s Baker's boy and oven. Ofen is masc. , 
cyren fem., and there are numerous indications of fem. gender. And the 
whole cast of the riddle favors Churn: e.g. churning is much the more tir- 
ing and tedious work : cp. teorode (8), iverig pas zvecrces (10). Lastly, 
vogue favours this solution, and to the argument drawn from tradition great 
weight must be assigned. 

55. Scabbard 

The scabbard is richly decorated (11. 3, 4), and divided into quarters by a 
cross ; probably each quarter was made of a different wood (11. 9, 10). 

5. ]7aes : of him who. 

6, 7. helwara burg abrsece: a reference to the Harrowing of Hell, 
which, based on i Pet. iii, 19, 20, was developed in the apocryphal Gospel 
of NicodemuSy became one of the great themes of the dark ages, and furnished 
a well-known scene in the cycles of Mysteries. 

12. 'Wulfheafedtreo = wfdrg--ro^ = wfarg--rr?ow, O.S. ivarag-treo^ 
Icel. varg-trCf all meaning 'gallows,* 'cross,' from ivearg = luulf-heafod^ 
criminal, outlaw. Halliwell says that ivof-head is the usual old word for 
'outlaw.' The reason is obvious: the outlaw had no more rights than a 
wolf, and there was no punishment for killing him. 

56. 

Loom and Thresher's flail here compete for our suffrages ; the latter has 
mine. Let the student read the riddle once through with each solution in 
mind, and decide for himself. r 



iliotetf 107 

• 5- Wudu. As I interpret Flail, I take -wlJo (1. 2 — a very early form) 
and ivudu to mean the threshing floor ; /onJe (8), the ground in opposition to 
the air, has the same meaning. "The spears of straw were a misery to the 
flail, and so was the wood of the floor." 

8. leolc: one of the few remnants in OE. of the reduplicating past tenses. 
See Siev. § 394. 

10. lafe . . . J?ara flangeweorca: the bread, or the woven cloth. 
This is a frequent mode of expressing the finished product in OE. ; cp.5'and 70'. 

57. Gnats or Midges. 

[Refs.: Traut. 50; Traut.^ 199.] 

" I object to Dietrich's airy * Swallows or if you like Gnats.' There was 
no * if you like ' about the OE. riddle." — Trautmann in Anglia xvii. 398, 

But, one may fairly ask, is Trautmann's own course preferable, when he 
solemnly proposes at different times Hailstones, Drops of rain, and Storm- 
clouds, and with each new proposal as solemnly rejects the last ? 

*• Anyway, Swallows hardly tredaS bearonassas and Gnats hardly hlude cir- 
maS. ' ' — Trautmann ib. 

I submit that this is hardly fair criticism. In the first place, the word tredad 
must not be taken too literally. Is it not as applicable to Swallows as to Storm- 
clouds ? And, as applied to Gnats or Midges, I find it a perfectly delightful 
word for their up and down motion in the summer air. And gnats hardly 
hlude cirmaS ? That depends entirely on the distance from your car. At his 
own selected distance the vibration of the wings of a solitary gnat produces a 
" chirm " much too loud for comfort or sleep. 

3. Sanges rofe : valiant in song. The MS. has rope. A word rbiVy 
mild, occurs once in OE. prose to describe the itch, and Cosijn adduces that as 
a parallel passage in support of the reading r'b'we here ! 

58, Riding-well. 

Diet, says such wells exist in Saxony and Prussia. Mr. and Mrs. Eirikr 
Magnusson well remember them in Iceland and Denmark. Mr. Hight tells 
me he has often seen them in brick-fields near London, also in Madras, 
worked by men riding on them, and he has furnished me with a sketch of 
one (see fig.). 

14-5. I have seen no explanation of this closing sentence but Diet.'s, and 



io8 ilioce0 

that is not convincing. He takes ryhte runstafai to mean consonants, and sug- 
gests burna. The last word in the MS. hfurum, for which he proposes /ar- 
Sum, and translates : * at whose beginning is the word rad^' arriving thus at 
the compound radhurna. 

For furum I have read forma^ first. It is possible that the epithet ryhtt is 
merely ornamental, and that ' three right runes are in the name ' means merely 
that the answer is a word of three letters, of which r is the first (Rad is the 
name of the runic r). In this case the name may have been r/</, rod or rad. 

59. Chalice. 

There can be little, if any, doubt that the solutions of 48 and 59 are the 
same. The only serious competitor of Chalice is Pyx. Both were circular in 
shape, and each might be spoken of in Riddle-language as a * ring. ' But these 
riddles would do too much honor to the pyx, which was a mere convenience, 
not a symbol, not even a sacred vessel j whereas the chalice was a sacred vessel 
consecrated with holy chrism. 

The similarities between this riddle and No. 48 are obvious. This suffers 
from being, apparently, an expansion of the former, as well as from a defective 
text which leaves the meaning of parts quite uncertain. There is too the vague- 
ness and dulness of phrase which unfortunately characterise so much of OE. 
religious poetry. 

4. nergende, for nergendne : cp. Siev. g 305, N. I. The final -e proves 
the adj., not the noun. 

II. Dryhten dolgdon (= dolgdan). By thus altering the meaning- 
less dryht dolgdon of the MS. I have tried to make sense of a difficult passage; 
* Dumb, it brought vividly into his mind the name of his Lord, and into the 
sight of his eyes, if he could understand the token of the noble gold, the 
wounded Lord.' 

60. Reed. 

This riddle is immediately followed in the Exeter Book by the ** Husband's 
Message," and Blackburn has put forward the hypothesis that it forms in reality 
the opening of the latter poem. For the full statement of his case see Journal 
of Germanic Philology in. i (1900). '* The riddle form is not distinct here 
... we do not find the apparent contradictions that are meant to puzzle the 
hearer. . . . The object that speaks is plainly a ' letter,' OE. beam, i.e. 
a slip of wood on which a message had been carved. But what follows in the 



i^otfflf 109 

MS. 13 also the utterance of a letter, which is represented as delivering its 
errand as a living messenger might do 5 and when we read the whole as a single 
poem, we find a consecutiveness and unity so clear, etc. *' It is noteworthy that 
no other riddle occurs in this part of the MS., except the second (incomplete) 
form of Riddle 30, Blackburn's solution of which is beam ; and he attributes 
the intrusion of this one riddle among other poems to the connection of beam 
with what follows and the mistake of a scribe. 

Tupper retorts {AI. L. Notes xviii. 98) : " Blackburn's prettyand ingenious 
theory can rest only upon a studious ignoring of the correspondence between 
all the motives in the little A.S. poem and those in the * Arundo ' problem 
of Symphosius. Then, too, this theory calmly overlooks the striking circum- 
stance, that this Latin ' Arundo ' enigma has been expanded into Kunstratsel 
in several languages." 

It seems impertinent to discuss the matter further after this Olympian utter- 
ance, but even Jove's outlook is limited. The following points must be duly 
weighed. 

(i) The Lat. 'Arundo' consists of three lines, and the reader shall judge 
whether it anticipates " all the motives" of No. 60: 

Dulcis arnica Dei, ripis vicina profiindis. 
Suave canens Musis, nigro perfusa colore, 
Nuntia sum linguae, digitis stipata magistri 

(I, the god's dear mistress, that dwell near the deep banks, sweetly singing to 
the Muses, overspread with black hue, I am the herald of my master's tongue 
when pressed light between his fingers). In any case the prize this time is 
distinctly for the Englishman, who puts his matter so poetically, whether in 
riddle or lyric. 

(2) The form of No. 60 is certainly unusual, not only in being non-enig- 
matic, but in the striking introduction of a person addressed in 1. 14. 

(3) The ' Husband's Message ' is unfortunately very fragmentary in the 
opening lines, but the meaning of the first two lines is sufficiently clear, and I 
think Blackburn makes an excellent point in their apparent continuity from 
the closing lines of No. 60. I quote his rendering from the middle of 1. 14 to 
the end of 1. z of the * Message ' : 

" that boldly I might 
So deliver a message to thee 
In the presence of us two alone, 
That to other men our talk 



no jliotesf 

May not make it more widely known.* 

Now to thee will I tell apart 
That I sprang from the stock of the tree-race." 
In fact, so specious is this continuity that one is tempted to hazard the con- 
jecture that an unilluminated scribe started with a ' Reed ' riddle, and, not 
recognizing it as such, attempted to weld it into one piece with the following 
lyric. 

6i. 

The answers hitherto proposed are Shirt and Coat of mail. I cannot recon- 
cile either of these with 11. 5 and 6, whereas Helmet seems to me free from 
difficulty. L. 5 cannot mean * He stuck his head in my breast,' bee. stician 
as a trans. verb means only ' stab, pierce'; whereas, as an intrans. verb, it has 
the very meaning here required, 'stick, remain fast.' The wearer's head may 
be said to stick fast in the breast of a helmet, but not in the breast of a shirt 
or a coat of mail. Besides, 1. 6 appears to describe accurately the action of 
putting on a helmet: the helmet is held upside doivn in the hands before being 
placed on the head ; so, ** turned upwards he fixed me from beneath in a tight 
place or in a position of danger." Ruivts nathwat (1. 9) fits a head of hair 
better than anything else. 

9. ruwes : see Siev. § 116. 

62. 

It seems pretty clear that some boring tool is intended. 

I. [hjingonges: thesis required for the alliteration; and hingonges 
is a much better parallel than ingonges to ford si pes. 

5. mec . , . seftanweardne : the back part of me. It does no vio- 
lence to the sense if one renders aftaniueardne * from behind,' as if it were an 
adverb. 

7. fareS, the reading of the MS., is impossible, for it is contradicted by 
the next line: the southern man does not return to the hole ; he drives me 
into it again. 

63. Beaker. 

Once more I quote here the supposed Latin original, because it seems to me 
of the greatest value that the student should judge for himself the amount of 

* Lit. •* So that more men should not more widely mention it, the talk 
of us two." 



iPotes? Ill 

theOE. fiddler's indebtedness to models. The answer to the Latin is too obvi- 
ous ; the OE. enigma almost always gives you something to guess. This is one 
of the sixteen riddles of which Tapper says: *'The use and development of 
one or more motives so closely suggest both the matter and manner of the 
Latin enigmas that we can hardly entertain a doubt of the service done to EBR. 
by the earlier and more bookish puzzles." In this instance I see httle con- 
nection beyond the fact that in the English riddle too someone kisses the tank- 
ard j but that may be due in part to its fragmentary state. 
Aldhelm vi. 9: De Calice vitreo (glass goblet). 

De rimis lapidum profluxi flumine lento, 
Dum frangunt flammae saxorum viscera dura, 
Et laxis ardor fornacis ardet habenis. 
Nunc mihi forma capax, glacieque simillima lucet 
Nempe volunt plures collum confringere dextra 
Et pulchre digitis lubricum comprendere corpus. 
Sed mentes muto dum labris oscula trado. 
Dulcia compressis impendens bacchia buccis 
Atque pedum gressus titubantes sterno ruina 

(From the cracked stones I poured in sluggish stream, what time the flames 
broke up the hard vitals of the rocks and the heat of the furnace raged un- 
checked. Now I am shaped to hold things and I glitter like ice. Many, you 
must know, would like to break my neck with the right hand and grasp my 
slippery form with the fingers, for I am fair to see. But I turn their brains 
when I kiss their lips, holding the sweet gifts of the wine-god over their well 
filled cheeks. Ay, and their tottering steps headlong I bring down to the 
ground). 

Here the fearful mutilation of the MS., becoming worse in each succeed- 
ing folio, begins seriously to aflfect the text. As the folios of the MS., back 
and fi-ont, are recorded in the margin of the text, the reader can observe that 
the spoilt passages begin a few lines below the top of each folio. There is a 
restoration of the missing parts in Diet. (xi. 478), which serves the useful pur- 
pose of making the unrestored originals appear the finest poetry. 

64. 

See sheet of figures. 

Often the greatest amount of time and thought have been expended upon 
the riddles that are least worthy of them. This riddle is still unsolved, but it 



112 ipotrsf 

offers no guerdon of immortality. It resembles No. 1 9 in that the names of the 
runes must be read for the metre, but apparently the runes are to be taken as 
letters for the interpretation. It is pretty clearly of the '* Horse-Man-Hawk" 
variety, and one may begin to translate thus : ' I saw [a horse] faring over the 
plain, bearing [a man] ; to both was on the journey a possessor's joy, [hawk], 
likewise a share of might, [a man],' Even this is the essenceof feebleness: the 
man is a ' share of might' both to the horse and to himself. 

According to Diet, the runes stand for W I B E H A D E F A EA S P, 
which when arranged in proper order make the words : pea beah-sivlfeda^ 
rmg-tailed peacock, which is his solution. The objections to this are numer- 
ous. The second A is a mistake for yE (see text, and the table of Runes in 
the Introduction) . The change of D to D is not allowable ; ^ (or J>) is re- 
quired to alliterate with prypa. Dietrich admits that sivlfeda is a coinage of 
his own. His solution leaves all the riddle but the runes unexplained. The ea 
in pea and the la in blah can hardly be given by two runes in the one case 
and one rune in the other. And so on. 

Hicketier {Anglia x. 596-600) regards the runes in 11. 1-4 as abbreviations; 
two consecutive runes are to be taken together and give the first two letters 
of the required words, which are ivicg, beorn^ hafoc, pegn. Then he makes 
a desperate attempt to get something intelligible out of F and JE., and S and 
P. Here is his argument condensed : * Falca is quite a natural misspelling of 
a foreign word for a foreign bird. A falcon naturally rejoices when he gets free 
and flies. Ea, not being a pair of runes like the other letters, must be the 
word ea, water, as you would naturally expect in a falcon-hunt. S P then must 
be in apposition to falca and, as any Englishman of the 8th century would 
guess at once,* must be spear hafuc, sparrow-hawk.' As I have nothing bet- 
ter to suggest, I have punctuated the riddle on this basis. The concluding 
words, sylfes pasfolces, may mean that spearhafuc (the sparrow-hawk belongs 
to the Falconida) is the native name for the falcon. Barnouw says they refer 
to the six creatures indicated by the runes. 

Traut. adopts Hicketier' s method, but takes the runes in the last three lines 
to mean pegnas or pioivas^ hafoc^ earhy speru; he does not vouchsafe any ex- 
planation. 

* This intimate knowledge of the Englishman of the 8th century fills me 
with envy. 



iPote0 113 

65. Onion 
Thelaittwo lines should be compared with Symphosius No. 44: Cepa (onion). 

Mordco mordentcs, ultro non mordeo quemquam : 
Scd sunt mordentem multi mordere parati j 
Nemo timet morsum, denies quia non habeo uUos 
(I bite those that bite me ; of my own accord I bite no one ; but though I bite, 
many are ready to bite me. No one fears my bite, because I have no teeth). 

** A motive long connected with a certain solution may, in a later time or 
among another folk, become attached to other subjects and do double or triple 
duty. The well-known English Cherry riddle has much in common with three 
German puzzles — those of the Cherry, Arbutus, and Haw (Hagebutte). 
Side by side with this may be placed the onion-hemp-pepper motive or 
early Latin and English riddles. Symph. 44 (Onion); Exeter Bk. 25 (Hemp), 
65 (Onion) ; Vienna MS. 67, No. 38 (Pepper). See also Royal Riddle Bk.^ 
p. II.*' — Tupper (p. 6). 

66. Creation 
Thif may be an abridgment of No. 40, with which it should be compared. 

67. 

The readable passages of this mutilated riddle give no reasonable clue to the 
solution. 

68. 

See foot-note to text & sheet of figures. 

Traut. considers 11. I and 2 the beginning of an incomplete riddle, and 1. 3 a 
separate riddle. But on ivege in 1. 3 seems to refer to 1. i. LI. I and 2 are almost 
identical with the first two lines of No. 36, which shows that they are not a 
complete riddle in themselves. The answers Winter and Ice have been pro- 
posed ; in either case the word bone (1. 3) is feeble and inaccurate. It would 
seem to me to point rather to something in the nature of petrifaction, recalling 
to mind various objects that I once possessed that had been petrified in the Drip- 
ping Well at Knaresborough in Yorkshire. 

69. Shepherd's Pipe 

2, 3. woh orjjoncum geworht : made crooked with skill. Diet, 
sayi he has seen such a shepherd's pipe with bent mouthpiece. 



114 il^otesi 

3. eaxle twa: apparently the stops on either side, which make the crea- 
ture seem to "sing through its side." 

5. stonde : one would rather have expected stonded, but the meaning of 
these last two lines is obscure. 

70. 

It seems to me that the subject of this riddle is Iron, first in the ore (11. 1-3), 
then made into a weapon (11. 3 seij.). 

2. The first half of this line has usually been taken with 1. i. I take 1. I as 
an introductory statement, reade being in allusion to the color of the ore, red 
or brown haematite (ferric oxide). Then StiS and Heap nvongy with stapol 
ivyrta ivUtetorhtra in apposition, is the place whence the ore is obtained j 
cp. No. 35, 11. I, 2. The next two lines (middle of 3 to middle of 5) describe 
the making of a weapon, apparently {Jor m'tnum gripe) a weapon of offence j 
cp. 5^ 

71. Ox 

Diet. (xi. 4.8 1 ) has a restoration of the opening lines, inspired by the be- 
lief that the solution is Axle. 

5, 6. feower . . . swaese brojjor: the cow's dugs (OE. tittas, masc). 
Later, in an almost humorous touch, this milking process is given over to the 
swart herdsman (11. 9, 10). 

14-7. It is in Cynewulfs manner to sympathise in this fashion with the 
suffering and joy of animals. — Brooke. 

72. Lance or Spear 

Diet. (xi. 481) has a restoration of the mutilated lines, which is also given 
in Gr-W. iii. 225. 

I. Cp. the opening of No. 35. 

23. Iristra sum : one of the bold, i. e. with bold or shameless companions. 

27-9. * Bold in his journeying, he eagerly turns away thence, from that 
camp (1. 25), does the warrior who knows my ways." 

73. 

No satisfactory solution has yet been proposed. Aldhelm has a riddle (i. 1 8) 
De loligint (Cuttle-fish) which bears some slight resemblance to this: 



jpote0 115 

Nunc cernenda placent no3trae spectacula vitae: 
Cum grege piscoso scrutor maris aequora squamis, 
Cum volucrum turma quoque scando per aethora pennis, 
Et tamen aethereo non possum vivere flatu 

CThis time my life affords a spectacle pleasant to see. Amid shoals of fish with 
my scaly form I search the waters of the sea, amid flocks of birds too upon 
my wings I soar through the air, and yet I cannot live by breathing air). 
Hence Diet, in 1859 doubtfully suggested Cuttle-fish as the solution, and in 
1865 withdrew it as '* nowhere near " (gar nicht nahc gekommen). Never- 
theless Walz revived this defunct solution because Pliny says " loligo etiam 
volitat extra aquam," and because Pliny says something else which does not 
explain 1. 4. Moreover, 1. i is for the present fatal to the cuttle-fish. 

Tupper (p. 100) proposes ' Siren' and I had better quote him. " I find a 
clue in two Latin riddles in Reusner's coUectionj the first is by Scaliger (R. 

«• »77):— ^ 

Me fugere pice et velo victricia Mgna, 

Qua sum, qua non sum foemina, piscis, avis. 

The second is by Reusner himself (R. 11. 77) : — 

Foemina, piscis, avis sum, nautas fallere docta, 
Sum scopulus, non sum foemina, piscis, avis. 

The answer to each of these is Siren. Now the word appears several times in 
the Anglo-Saxon glosses (B-T., s. v. Meremen), and the creatures themselves 
were well-known in British waters. Gervase of Tilbury, in his Otia Impe- 
rialia (1211) c. lxiv. p. 31, describes the * Sirenes maris Britannici,* their 
woman-fish shape and their song. No mention is made in the Latin riddles of 
the double sex referred to in E. B. R. Ixxiii. 5 but it is noteworthy that in 
Middle High German ' Siren ' appears sometimes as a male water-sprite. Had 
it not been for the evidence of the Reusner enigmas — with their interesting 
ascription of Protean traits to Sirens — I should probably have offered as a so- 
lution ' Dolphin ' or * Sea-pig ' (' Mereswin ' — common enough in A. S. 
vocabularies, B-T.), as this fish was supposed to possess the power of assuming 
other forms (Gervase, c. Ixiii. p. 30)." This is not convincing. The Reus- 
ner enigmas are not sufficiently close parallels to lead to the abandonment of 
an otherwise favoured solution. Besides, has not Tupper lost sight of the words, 
' on ane tid,' at one time .? 

Finally, Traut.* proposes Water: the young woman is the spring, the grey- 



ii6 iliote0 

haired lady is die eisschollt (ice-floe), the *aenlic rinc ' is snow. As snow it flies 
with the birds J as eisschollt it swims in the flood and when dead, i.e. dis- 
solved, dives under the waves; as a spring it moves over the ground. This is 
ingenious, and certainly the best of the three. He compares Tatwine's riddle 
De Ni-ve, Gran dine et Glacie. But what of the * fer^ cwicu' ? Traut.^ trans- 
lates: ** I had hrisk life." This is not what the words * haefde fertS cwicu' 
convey to my mind, and that flaw mars the whole. Water is the answer to 
No. 83. 

The very confidence of these doughty champions in their respective solu- 
tions, combined with their unmitigated scorn for the rival answer, should make ; 
us hesitate as to the rightness of either. 

5. haefde ferS cwicu: cp. Shelley's " Cloud ": I change but I can- , 
not die. 

74- 

Gr-W. prints the runes for M (as in No. 19), N, U, H. The first rune 
in the MS. is not quite the same as that for M in No. 19 (see sheet of fig- 
ures), and is probably intended for D. These two runes, through their simi- 
larity, were sometimes confounded. The third rune is certainly not U, but 
L. Thorpe took them to be the runes of D N U H, and reading them back- 
wards obtained hund^ dog, as the solution. It is impossible to decide whether i 
he was right or wrong. ' 

Diet, thought this might possibly be the first line of the next riddle. Per- 
haps the answer is Hen. 

76. Oyster. 

3. fejjelease : ace. sg. fern, to agree in gender with the answer, or/rr, 
oyster. 

5. recceS is altered in Gr-W. to rece^, but see Siev. § 407 N. iz. 
7. hyd, like felles in 1. 5, refers to the oyster's shell. 

77- 

Too broken to do anything with ; so also arc Nos. 81, 88, and 9a. 

78. 

Seems to be a variant of the first line of the next riddle — possibly a false 
start unerased. 



79- 

Diet, suggested Falcon, which is accepted by Brooke, Tupper and others. 
Traut.* objects : that its tongue is not hard (1. 8) ; that eaxlgestealla (I. l), 
fyrdrinces (1. 2) and herges (1. 8) imply war, not the chase ; that it was not 
often given to a singer as a reward (11. 9, 10), as Diet, states ; that the sub- 
ject of the riddle gi'vtSy and not is given ,• that queens * do not put their 
hands on falcons. Without laying too great stress on any one of these objec- 
tions, one is bound to admit their collective force. Walz had anticipated 
some of them, but he puts himself out of court by a most extraordinary mis- 
interpretation of 1. 6 : '* L. 6 refers to the wooden sheath " — his answer is 
Sword. Apparently he takes pat on bearive geiveox as the subject of the 
sentence ; and now all he has to do is to parse habbe. 

Traut.^ opposes Sword and his own earlier solution der Geer (javelin) be- 
cause we never hear of black swords or black spears. His new solution is 
Horn, which he recommends to us with his wonted confidence. He cites 
the well-known passages in Beoivulf about Wealhpeow (11. 494 ff., 620 fF., 
1980 ff. ; in none of which however is the horn mentioned). In its bosom 
is mead, *< which is made from honey grown in woods " (1. 6). And what is 
the tongue of a horn ? Its cry, its blast, its tone, which is well called hard. 

It must be added that Trautmann accepts Horn as the solution of No. 14 
also. 

4. on governs mec in the preceding line. 

80. Weathercock. 

Diet.'s second solution is Maskenhelm, visored helmet ; but I know of no 
evidence to show that the English of the days of the Riddles were familiar 
with visored helmets. In any case. Weathercock seems to answer the several 
phrases better, with the possible exception of 1. 7, which Brooke renders : 
' Wheresoe'er he carries me, he who clasps the spear.' I cannot equal that 
with the solution Weathercock : * Wheresoe'er He turns me who shakes 
the wood,' meaning that God shakes the trees and turns the weathercock 
with his wind. But that is the only line, I think, which is better solved by 
Helmet. 

8. stondende for stondendne ace. masc. sing, agreeing with mec ; cp. 
pyrelivombney 1. li. 

* Given is not necessarily * queen. ' 



ii8 iliote0 

82. Ore, Metal, Money. 

5. eor]?an brSJJOr : fire, through whose agency the ore was brought 
into the service of men. 

7. hwa : this is supposed by Diet, to mean Tubal-Cain j but I prefer to 
refer it to fire, spoken of above as 'first of men,' and the present tense in ic 
him yfle ne mot lends support to this interpretation. 

9. haeftnyd, apparently with reference to fetters and weapons of iron. 

10-2. Diet, thinks that the ore is here speaking of its former way of life | 
in the bowels of the earth. 

83. Water. 

There are some indications pointing to a double answer, such as Water and 
Sun. There is very distinctly the double gender of hto in 1. 27 and the masc. 
adjs. in 11. 35-6 ; but I think the ' mother ' of 1. 20 had better be taken as a ij 
mere repetition of the ' mother 'of 1. 4, i.e. Water. Again, with the reading : 
ivo/cnum, it is a temptation to refer 1. 25 to the sun: " a winsome glorious 
gem nigh to the clouds " ; but I think it is better to take it as referring to the 
jewels of rain. Once more, the word para in 1. 55 seems to show clearly that 
*■ is twofold ; but again I think it better not to dualise the answer, but to take 
the plural form as covering the different manifestations of water. 

The riddle holds out a certain promise of beauty which is hardly fulfilled. 
This is not entirely due to its mutilated condition: 11. 30-4 are obscure, and 
cast in an unusual * high-falutin ' style, poor at the best. It is to be feared 
that, after a secular youth, the riddle passed some time in a monastery. 

4-8. Diet, quotes two lines from each of Aldhelm's riddles on the same 
subject (ill. I and iv. 14): 

Nam volucres caeli nantesque per aequora pisces 
Olim sumpserunt ex me primordia vitae 

(For the birds of heaven and the fishes that swim about the sea in former days 
took the first beginning of life from me). 

Quis numerus capiat, vel quis laterculus aequet, 
Vita viventum generem quot millia partu ? 

(What number would contain or what register would be equal to holding the 
many thousands of living creatures I bring to birth ?) 

21. bewre]?ed : aira^ \ey6fj.€vov. I cannot find the word in any diction- 
ary, but its meaning, * upheld,' is easily inferred from the simple verb. 



ipotes; 119 

30. J^aes )?e, of [all] that which, the gen. pas being governed by the 
four superlative advs. 

31. savsre. Beam is certainly plural, and sawe in a relative clause may 
easily stand for saiven: " and which the children of men have seen with their 
eyes'* ; but the line could also mean '* and which saw the children of men 
with its eyes. 

. 32-4. *' So that glory weaves the might of the children of the world," 
or (with a comma at the end of 1. 31), "as the might of the children of the 
world weaves that glory " — I do not know what these lines mean, even with 
GreAn'' s gefri gen habbe supplied in 1. 33. 

35. frodra, probably 'older,' not < wiser,' just 2.% fr'od is 'old' in 82^ 
38. firene dwsesceS: Diet, thinks the reference is to baptismal water 
washing away sin. 

84. Fish and Rivzr. 

Taken from Symphosius No. 11, Flumen et Piscis: 

Est domus in terris, clara quae voce resultat : 
Ipsa domus resonat, tacitus sed non sonat hospes; 
Ambo tamen currunt, hospes simul et domus una 
(Its home is in the earth, and it reechoes with loud voice: the home itself re- 
sounds, but the host is mute and makes no sound ; both however run, the 
host and the home run together). 

85. One-eyed Seller of Garlic (or Onions). 

See sheet of figures. 

Cp. Symphosius No. 92: 

Cernere jam fas est, quod vix tibi credere fas est : 

Unus inest oculus, capitum sed millia multa. 

Qui quod habet vendit; quod non habet, unde parabit ? 

( Now you may see what you may hardly believe : there is one eye, but many thou-» 
sand heads. Whence shall he, who sells what he has, get what he has not ?) 

4. The alliteration is supplied by the numerals tivegen and ttvelf. 

5. yrnan : the absence of alliteration seems to point to the earlier form 
rinnan. 

7. ic. It will have been observed that the ic of the Riddles is often the 
port, as in Nos. 29 and 34., the unknown personality that so often shows itself for 



120 il^otefif 

a moment in OE. poetry, only to withdraw into the deeper obscurity ; still more 
often ic stands for x (the solution). In the latter case the first person is usually 
maintained consistently throughout 5 this is the only instance in which we 
have the 3d person throughout the riddle, and the ist person suddenly intro- 
duced in the closing question. Conversely, in No. 35, we have the ist person 
right through to the closing question, which is in the 3d. In no. 19 ic is ap- 
parently used first for the poet and last for *■. 

86. 

This riddle is now in a tantalising state : several phrases excite curiojity, which 
remains unallayed. For conjectures see Index in Introduction. 
4. on: this adverbial use is noteworthy ; cp. * hold on.' 

87. Antler, Antlers. 

14. card : the head of the stag. 

be wit on stodan : * on which we two stood,' the apodosis being 
implied. But perhaps pe should be pe, in which case this clause is the apodo- 
sis : ' because we two stood upon [it].' 

19. aefter cuman: * succeed,' when the antlers are cast in Spring. 

21. The second half of the line is metrically defective. 

23, 24. hordes on ende: on the gable; cp. homsal 3^, hornsele Gen. 
1821, hornreced Beow. 703. LI. 32-3 are supposed to describe the horn's 
feelings on being made fast to the gable. 

26. Herzfeld proposes bropor m'tn for the scansion (type B). 

27. eorjjan SCeata: gen. depending on hwar; cp. ttoG 7^$. 

31. onjjungan : past pi. of ^onpin/ian, extant only in the contracted 
form onpeon (q. v.). Siev. § 186, N. 4 ; Wyatt, OE. Gram. § 81, N. 6. 

32. unsceafta : evil creatures ; not in any dictionary, or in Napier's 
'Contributions.' 

The Latin Riddle (Grein 90). 

Between Nos. 88 and 89 the following Latin riddle is found in the MS. : 
Mirum mihi videtur:* lupus ab agno tenetur j 
obcurrit agnus [rupi] et capit viscera lupi. 
Dum starem et mirarem, vidi gloriam magnam: 
duo lupi stantes et tertium tribul[antes] 
nil pedes habebant, cum septem oculis videbant. 

* MS. videtur mihi. 



#ote0 121 

Dietrich supposes the answer to be *'a wolf caught in the shoots of a hop- 
ilant which has five buds." Henry Morley gives as solution '* the Lamb of 
God"! Trautmann thinks that the Riddle contains two problems, and that 
:he first 11. i and 2, means that a man named Lupus has a cancer on his face! 
rhe reader whose curiosity has been aroused may consult Hicketier, Anglia 
)C. 582 ; Trautmann, Anglia xvii, 396 ; Erlemann, Archi-v f d S d n S ill 
(1903) 59 ; Tupper 105; Bradley, Mod. Lang. RevieiVf Oct. 191 1, p. 436- 



89. Key. j 

It may be useful to give here Symphosius No. 4, as an instance of a num- 
ber of Latin riddles which bear so slight a resemblance to the OE. enigmas on 
the same subjects that it is impossible to say in a given case whether the au- 
thor was acquainted with the Latin analogue or not. 

Clavis (key). 

Virtutes magnas de viribus affero parvis. 

Pando domos clausas ; iterum sed claudo patentes. 

Servo domum domino j sed rursus servor ab ipso 

(I bring great power from little strength. I open houses when closed up ; 
but again I shut them up when open. I keep the house safe for its owner j 
yet again I am kept safe by him). 

2. searopila: instrumental genitive. 

3_'7. <Oft I gape at what is fixed over against me, when girded with rings 
I must thrust hard against the hard [bolt], pierced from behind I must shove 
forward what protects my lord's heart-easing wealth at midnight.' 

5. hearde, glossed and translated above as an adv., is possibly the weak 
form of the adj. agreeing with 'ic' 

7. See sheet of figures. Sievers (Anglia xiii. 4) has proved conclusively 
that the name of the W rune was ' wynn,' not ' wen ', and that * mod-wynn' 
= wealth : ' llfwynna dsl ' (Crist 807 ) is parallel to ' feoh' ; the dragon's hoard 
is ' hordwynn ' in Beoivulfzijo 5 ' eSelwyn ' is parallel to * lond ' and * eard ' 
in Beoivulf z^^z. 

II. willum Sinum, * for his own pleasures,' I connect with lafe pic- 
gan in 1. 10. These last two lines seem to indicate that Xhtfrea wasafamous 
warrior in troublous times. 



122 jl^otesi I 

90. " Boc " (Beech, Book). j 

This riddle is omitted by Thorpe and Grein. Traut.'s solution is die Buche 
(beech), but it seems to me that OE. hoc is better, as covering both * beech,' 
with its several uses, and * book. ' 

1 . brunra : possibly referring to the beech-mast. 

2. 3. feorhbora and wynnstajjol are neither in the Dictionaries nor 
in Napier's * Contributions.' 

3. This line may refer to the early use of beech as writing material. 

4. gold : the value of books is suggested by two OE. words for ' library,' 
toc-gestreon and boc-hord. 

5. hildewapen : the word bdc-scyld shows that beech was used for 
making shields. 

91. Horn (antler, ink-horn). 

12. fusum : apparently, the eager hunters. 

13, 14. gingra broker . . . earde : cp. 87^^-2°. 

21-2. 'But I suffer all those torments which bit the board,' i.e. thet] 
antler, when made into an ink-horn, was pierced by the nails which fastened*;] 
it to the stand. Cp. the similar experiences of the horn that was secured to ai 
gable in 87^2-3. 

93- 

Unfortunately we close with a poor riddle, the text almost certainly corrupt, , 
the solution uncertain. Dietrich's solutionis " Wandering Minstrel," Traut-i 
mann's is *' Riddle." Both have a certain appropriateness. If the former is; 
correct, one might imagine this riddle to be a bit of poor cajolery to wintl 
presents from the scop's hearers j if the latter, one might suspect it to be a: 
kind of monkish colophon to the collection. The arguments are lengthy andci 
wearisome: the references are Diet. xi. 4875 Trautmann in Anglia 6c 
Anzeiger 158, 7 Anzeiger 210; Nuck in Anglia x. 394; Hicketier inr! 
Anglia x. 584 ; Traut.^ 206. Trautmann, as usual, asks the reader to follow 
him in rejecting his own emendations : in 1. 4 he first ^roiposesfremdes gefea, 
then fremdesfa5m, and Urnlly fremdes far (for ^r) ■ the last gives us *' irre- 
proachable metre, good sense and correct speech" ! Gefrage (1. 3) is to be^ 
taken in its original sense, " erfragt " ; and we are to read gong for god (1. 6). ' 
Parts of the enigma apply almost equally well to the riddler and to the riddle ! 
The close appears to favour Trautmann' s answer. On the other h?ad, tht 



il^ote0 123 



eneral tenor of the 'poem, and in particular 11. 4-6, seem to me to favour 
be * Minstrel ' solution. But it is a poor composition and not worth further 
iscussion. 

3. I have adopted Thorpe's proposal, to read 'fere ' for * fere's ' ; first, be- 
ause ' reste ' (1. 2) seems to require such an antithesis ; second, because ' hi- 
endra hyht ' seems an impossible subject to *fere"5.' 

4-6. It is generally agreed that these lines are corrupt. Even with two 
mendations, I can get only the following, barely tolerable sense : * I travel 
videly, and the joy of plunderers (prob. = money, reward) will fall to the lot 
>f me a stranger, sooner than to friends, if I am to have prosperity in the burgs 
)r bright success.' For this meaning of ' stondelS ' see itandan xii. in B-T. 



ConciiSe 'Bibliograpl^r* 



I. THE MANUSCRIPT. 

The unique authority for the West Saxon text of the Old English Riddles is 1 
the famous Codex Exoniensis, or Exeter Book, in the Chapter Library of Exeter ; 
Cathedral. It will be seen from the folios of the manuscript printed in the ^ 
text, that the Riddles occur in three different places of the manuscript, viz., on 
folios loi recto-115 recto, 122 verso-123 recto, and 124 verso-130 verso. 
These last folios are the last of the whole manuscript, and they have suffered 1| 
terrible mutilation. It is supposed that a burning piece of wood fell upon the 
manuscript lying face downwards and burnt a deep hole through thirteen or 
fourteen leaves, from folio 130 backwards to folio 1 17 5 at folio 119 the script : 
begins to be affected, and the lacuna on every page gradually increases in size. 
The disastrous consequences are seen in the text of Riddles 63—93. Folio 130 
is also fearfully stained. It will be noticed that the end of Riddle 40 and the • 
beginning of 41 are both missing ; since there is no gap in the manuscript as it 
stands, the most probable explanation is that one or more leaves are missing 
here. Thorpe thought that the same thing had happened after Riddle 20. 

Some peculiarities of the manuscript are reproduced from my own tracings 
on the sheet at the beginning of the volume. One of these peculiarities may 
be noticed here: the last word in some riddles, e.g. 37, 45, 69, 70, 85, 
comes at the end of the first manuscript-line (which rarely corresponds with 
a verse-line) in the next riddle. For instance, ' hatte,' the last word in 85, 
comes at the end of the first manuscript-line in 86, with a gap of i JE^ inches 
between it and *wombe.' See sheet of figures. 

II. EDITIONS, ETC. 

1831-2. R. Chambers, 5r/m/4 Museum Transcript of the Exeter Bcoky 
Addit. MS. 9067. 

1842. B.Thorpe, Codex Exoniensis pp. 380-441 j 470-472; 479- 
500. 

* In accordance with the plan of the series, this bibliography consists of "a care- 
fully selected list of the critical and historical materials which are really helpful in the 
study of the text." Other works are referred to in the Notes on particular Riddles. 



Concise 115ibliograpli^ 125 

1858. C. W. M. Grein, Bibliothek der angehachshchen Poesie ii. 
369-407. 

1897. Grein-Wulker (R. P.), Bibliothek der angehdchsischen Poesie 
iii, 183-238. 

1 910. F. TuppER, The Riddles of the Exeter Book. 



III. TRANSLATIONS. 

1842. B. Thorpe, parallel with text as above. 

1863. C. W. M. Grein, Dichtungen der Angehachsen stabreimend 
ubersetzt ii. 207-247. 

IV. CRITICISM: LANGUAGE, METRE, HISTORY, ETC. 

1857* ^' Leo, ^luae de se ipso Cyne'vulfus . . . tradiderit. 

1859, 1865. F. Dietrich, Die Ratsel des Exeterbuches, Haupts Zeit- 
schrift xi. 448-490; xii. 232-252. 

1883. A. Prehn, Komposition und Quellen der Ratsel des Exeterbuches^ 
Neuphilologische Studien iii. 145-285. 

1885. R. WiJLKER, Grundriss . . . der angelsachsischen Litteratur^ 
147-170. 

1890. G. Herzfeld, Die Ratsel des Exeterbuches und ihr Verfasser, 
Acta Germanica 11. i. 

1891. E. Sievers, Zu Cyneivulf, Anglia xii, 13-21. 

1892. S. A. Brooke, The History of Early English Literature. 

1894. ^' Trautmann, Die Aujibsungen der Altenglischen Ratsel ^ 
Anglia, Beiblatt v. 

1895. M. Trautmann, Zu den altenglischen Ratsel^ Anglia xvii. 
1900. A. Madert, Die Sprache der altenglischen Ratsel des Exeter- 
buches und die Cyneivulffrage. 

1903. F. Tupper, The Comparati-ve Study of Riddles ; Originals and 
Analogues of the Exeter Book Riddles, Modern Language Notes xviii. i-8j 
97-106. 

1905. M. Trautmann, Alte und neue Antivorten auf altenglische 
Ratsel, Bonner Be'itrage zur Anglistik xix. 167-215. 

1908. A. Brandl, Altenglische Litteratur, Paul's Grundriss der Ger- 
^yianischen Philologie. 

I9IO. F. Tupper, The Riddles of the Exeter Book. 



(BiojJiSarr 



Mec and me. The only matter connected with the glossary that is 
worthy of mention here is the use of mec and me. Apart from a few excep- 
tional instances, mec is always accusative, me dative. The exceptional or doubt- 
ful instances are : 

Mec Apparently once dative (Cook's Sievers § 332 N. 4 end): mec ivhad 
3^^, whereas 20^ and 21^ have m'S iv'tsad. Cp. mec ongean 27^ and me ongeati 1 
89^; but ongean governs both cases. 

Me eight times accusative : me 12^^ seems to be qualified by siveartne ,• me 
after tvrecan 20" ; and 20'^, 40'"*, 65', 72^*, 82*, 84^. 

It seems worthy of note that not one of these seven riddles, in which the 
later accusative form me occurs, had I classed as folk riddles, and six of them 
I had classed as learned riddles, without reference to this usage. 



(Biojsjsatt 



[The order of words is strictly alphabetical, ae coming between ad and af, 
but initial IS following t. Roman numerals indicate the class of ablaut verbs j 
wi., etc., that of the weak verbs j rd., the reduplicating; prp., the preteri- 
tive present verbs ; anv, , the anomalous verbs. When the designations of 
mood and tense are omitted, '* infin." is to be understood, unless some other 
designation has just preceded; when of mood only, supply " ind." if no 
other has preceded, otherwise the latter.] 

GENERAL NOTE TO THE GLOSSARY 

For the following words, occurring very frequently and very easily intelli- 
gible, it has not been thought necessary to give all reftrences ,• a few are given 
and *' etc." added : 

M, to (prep.), eom^ bi3^ iCj ac, ondj ne, w5, no, Sonne (demonstr. and rel.), 
A? (nom. masc), oSSe, under, Surh^mid (prep.), nu, hatan ("to be called," 
since it occurs always in the same formula), gif, oft, hw'tlum, d<Sr, at, se 
(»om. of def. article), after, me, mec (ace. of /V). 



S, aa, adv., alnuays, 5^, 346, 

43^ 846. 
abelgan, iii, pro<voke, anger, w. 



d. 



pres. I sg. 



abeodan, 11, announce, 60'^. 
abiddan, v, ask for, get, obtain, 

pret. 3 sg. absed, 55". 
abrecan, iv, break do^n, conquer 

storm, pret. opt. 3 sg., 5 5 7. 
abregan, wi, terrify y 40^7. 



ac, conj., but, 3^, etc. 
ac, m., oak, 55^. 

(2) the rune A, n. pi. 42'°. 

acennan, wi, bear, bring 

forth, pret. ptc. 40'^'*, 50^, 83'. 

adela, m. wk., dirt, e^il, d. sg. 

4o32, 
adle, f. wk., sickness, 43I 
adrifan, i, dri've out, pret. 3 sg. 

91x4. 
sifensceop, m., e'vening-bard, 

85. 



128 



(3\ofs&m 



afre, adv., e'ver, 39^°, 40^, 65^67^ 
608, 835. 

aeftanweard, adj., hindfr, a. sg. 
m. 62^. 

aefter, prep., w. d., after, 12^^, 
2717, 28^5^ etc. J through y 
along, 3 3^ 

aefter hondum, from hand 
to handy 3 o5 ; aefter gecyn- 
dum, after {their) kinds, 39^^} 
maegburg . . . 15e ie aefter woe, 
the family from ixjhich 1 
sprang, 20^^. 

aefter, adv., afterguards, 39^2, 

aeftera, comp. adj., hinder, sec- 
ond, 53". 

aefterweard, adj., after, fol- 
lo<vuing, he me sefterweard 
weor'Se^, he is after, i. e. pur- 
sues me, 15 1'*. 

aghwa, indef. pron. , each one, 
e'veryone, 65*. 

IBghwaer, adv. , e'veryiuhere, 
in enjery ivay, 40'^, "S, 3°, ^7^ 
5o 69 82 

aeghwaeSer, /roz«, each, g. sg. 

m. 46^. 
aghwylc, pron., each one, 392^5 

a. sg. m. 39S; g. 369. 
^g5er, pron., either, a. sg. neut. 

39". 
^ht, i., property, possession, 70^, 
781 } d. pi. 8726. 



aelde, pi. m., men, mankind, g. 

8331, 9310 J d. 334, 56, 33IX, 

806. 
«nig, pron., any, 40^1, 86^ 6o3 

(v. sub. fea); a. sg. neut. 39^7, 

93'°} g- sg. m. 5914 J d. 135, 



23", 



71 



16 ? 



831^ 



sinlic, adj., unique, peerless, 

_73^. 

aenlice, adv., in a unique ivay, 
splendidly, beautifully, 40^5. 

£er, adv., before, formerly, i^^, 
2i5, 67, iiio, 1310, 237^ 9, 
27", 2 89, 447^ 49 II, 652, 724, 
26, 8728, 9127 J ier o««e sitS, 
sooner or later, 608. 

ar, conj., Z'^/or^, 2", j^, 549, 
55^) 93^^ 5 hwonne aer, honv 
soon, ivhen, 31^3^ 

serendean, W2, bring a mes- 
sage, (2) intercede, plead, 48 ^ 

aerendspraec, f., message, a. sg. 
601S. 

sirest, -ist,adv.,/r//, 352,407, 

825. 

airra, compar. adj., first, for- 
mer, 53". 
aesc, m., ash-tree. 

(2) spear, d. pi. 22". 

(3) the rune JE. 

aet, prep., w. dat., at, 3»4, 21 4^ 

31", 357, 406, 34, 436, 461, 

etc. 

(2) from, at •*^e hands of. 



^Io00ar^ 



129 



2o»6 J aet blisse, in their merri- 

menty ^i^^. 
St, m.y foody mealy g. sg. 40^5. 
aetgaedre, adv., together y 53", 

_55". 

a&iTQViy 2id.].y poisonous y 23'*. 

aetsomne, adv., together, 22', 

427, 843. 

aeSele, adj., nobUy exalted, 
distinguishedy n. sg. f. 79^ j g. 
sg. wk. 599 ; d. pi. 43 ^ 

aeSeling, m., nohlemariy g. sg. 
78S79Sn.pl. 497; g. pi. 46^. 

aeSelu, neut. pi., nobleness y ex- 
cellence y a. 558. 

agan, prp., possess y opt., 3 pi. 
4i5. 

w, neg. pref. pres. 1 sg. 
nah, w. g. 3^, 3 sg. w. a. 27^'*. 

agen, pron., with poss'^® adjs., 
Qijony a. sg. neut. 9^, 44'*, 54^. 

agetan, w. i, destroy y pret. 3 sg. 

827. 

aglac, aglsec, n., tribulatioUy 
calamity y torment y a. sg. 80^ j 
d. sg. 37; a. pi. 912^ 

aglachad, m., terrible condition y 
d. sg. 535. 

agnian, W2, claimy take posses- 
siony pret. 3 sg. 911I 

agyfan, v, gi'vey pres. i sg. 
7910. 

ahebban, vi, raise up, pres. 3 
pi. 7^ ; pr^t. 3 sg. ahof, lo^. 



ahreddan, wi, deli'very recap- 
ture y pret. 3 sg. 299. 

aleodan, 11, groiVy (trans.) bring 
upy pret, ptc. 83^0. 

am, m., reed of a loomy n. pi. 

amaestan, W3, fatteny pret. 

part. 4o'o5. 
an, prep. = on, /«, w^. d. 421°, 

53'°. 
an, num., oney n. sg. m. 9^, 421°, 
83'Oj f. 525; a. sg. m. 49S 
55", 856, 91255 aenne, 80^5 

f. 732; neut. 8 53 J g. sg. f. 
43 13 ; d. sg. m. 326 J f. 83^9 J 

g. pi. 369. 

As indef. art., <2, aw, n. sg. 
m. 1575 neut. 21 12, 831 ; a. 
sg- f- 56S 7 5' 5 d. sg. m. lo^; 
anra gehwylc, aeghwylc, each 
oney 135, 359. 

(2) alone y onlyy (gen. wk.) 
n. sg. m. 368, 4021, 9o 5 d. sg. 
• (strong) 25^ ; d. pi. 6o^5. 
ana, v. an. 

anaed, n., desert y d. sg. 60^. 
and, ond, conj., andy i^, etc. 
anfete, adj., one-footedy a. sg. 

f. 58'. 
anfon, rd. contr. , receinjey pret. 

3 sg. anfeng, 42^. 
anforlxtatiy rd.y abandony pret. 
. I sg. 7l9. 

anga, adj., soley singular y 8721. 



130 



<Slo0fifar^ 



anhaga, m. wk., a lonely dwell- 
er, 5^ 

anstellan, wi, bring about y de- 
ojisej pres. i sg. 3^9. 

anwalda, m. wk., ruler, go'v- 
ernor, 40"*. 

arseran, wi, raise up, pres. i 
sg. 82^5 pret. ptc. 377. 

aretan, wi, gladden, delight, 
pres. I sg. 6^. 

arisan, i, arise, rise up, pres. 
3 sg. 320. 

arlice, adv., honourably, kindly, 

Srstaef, m.,fa'vour, d. pi. 262^. 
arypan, wi, strip off, pres. 3 

sg. 767. 
ascufan, 11, draw forth, bring 

out, 896. 
asecgan, W3, declare, i^. 
asettan, wi, set, set up, erect, 

found, 9", 296. 
astigan, i, arise, pres. i sg. i^ 5 

3 sg. 3^^. 
aswapan, rd., snjoeep off, drinje 

off, pres. 1 sg. 235. 
ateon, 11, contr. , take out, dranv 

out, pret. 3 sg. 6 1 2. 
atimbran, wi, build, 295. 
atol, adj., terrible, dire, 3'*9, 

22^. 

attor, n., <venoin, a. sg. 23^. 
attorspere, n., poisoned spear, 
d. pi. 179. 



atyhtan, wi, bring forth, pro- 
create, pret. ptc. 50^. 

aSringan, iii, break forth, pres. 
I sg. 3". 

aSrintan, iii, snvell, pret. ptc. 
372. 

aweaxan, rd., groiv up, pret. 

I sg. 9 10, I03, 72 ^ 

aweccan, wi, aivaken, pret. 

ptc. n. pi. m. aweahte, 1 38. 
awefan, 11, nvea^ve, pret. 3 pi. 

35^. 
aweorpan, in, throw up, cast 

anjoay, pret. ptc. 40'^^. 
awergan, W2, encircle, co<ver, 

protect, pres. opt. 3 sg. 40^*7. 
awrecan, wi, dri^e out, 89". 
awSer, pron., either {of tivo), 

8730. 
awyrgan, wi, strangle, injure, 

curse, pret. ptc. 2o^7, 

B. 

baec, n., back, 8721 ; d. sg. 3^6, 
153 J under baec, backivards, 

22^7, 898. 

bal, n., bale, funeral fire, de- 
structinje fire, g. sg. 822, 

baer, adj., bare, n. sg. 31" } a. 
sg. n. 651 

b^rnan, wi, burn (trans.), pres. 
I sg. 1 5, 62. 

ban, n., bone, a. sg. 39^8 j d. 68^. 



<Slo00ar^ 



131 



banleas, adj., bonelesSy a. sg. 

neut. wk. 45^. 
baSian, wi, bather pret. 3 pi. 

279. 
be, bi, prep., w. d., byy at, in, 

27^7^ 441, 60S 695, 8728} be 

grunde, along the ground, %i^, 

22^5^ 833. 
be-, prefix. See bi-. 
beadowlepen, m., ^weapon of 

battle, a. pi. 15^ ; d. 178. 
beadu, f., battle, d. sg. 87^^ 
beaduweorc, n., battle-ivork, 

g. pi. 5S 336, 
beag, m., ring, a. sg. 48, 71 12, 

g- 59'^- 
beaghroden, ptc. adj., adorned 

ivith rings, n. sg. f. 14'. 
bealdlice, adv., boldly, 40^6, 

6o»6. 

beam, m., tree, 90^ j a. sg. 53' } 
g. 557; a. pi. i9. 

(2) beam, \_yoke ?] , d. sg. 
71". 

(3) ihipy g- sg. io7. 
bSamtelg, m., tree-dye, ink, d. 

sg. 2 69. 

bearg, m., pig, 40106. 
bearm, m., bosom, 66^*, a. sg. 

33; d. sg. 43^2. 
beam, n., child, zo^^, 83"; a. 

sg. 9^;n. pi. 26^8^ 40^6, 414^ 

^83^', 93105 g. 576. d. 159, 

3918. 



bearngestrSon, n., nvealth of 

children, g. pi. 20^7, 
bearonaes, m., ivoody shore, a. 

pi. 575. 
bearu, m., njoood, groove, 30"^ j 

d. sg. 2i7, 531, 796. a. pi. 

i9; d. pi. 272. 
beatan, rd., beat, strike, hurt, 

pres. 3 pi. 26, 808. 
becnan, wi, indicate, signify, 

pres. 3 sg. 39265 3 pi. 2410. 
bed(d), n., bed, a. sg. 4^ 5 

d. 25I 
bedrifan, i, dri<ve, pret. 3 sg. 

299. 
befaeSman, wi, embrace, pres. 

I sg. 91^3. 
begen, pron., both, 4312^ 8713, 

3i 5 g. bega, ^427, 5275 d. 

bam, 43" ; baem, 642. 
beginan, i, gape at, take 'with 

open mouth, pres. i sg. 893. 
begrindan, iii, grind anjuay, 

pret. ptc. 266. 
behlySan, wi, deprinje, strip, 

w. d. rei., pret. ptc. 14^°. 
belacan, rd., flonu round, play 

round, pret. 3 sg. beleolc, 6o7. 
belcedsweora, adj., halving a 

snvollen neck, puff-necked, 80'. 
beleosan, 11, be depri^ved of, 

lose, w. d. rei. pret. 3 sg. 26'*. 
belgan, iii, rage, be angry, pret. 

ptc. 40^9. 



132 



^loflfflfar^ 



bellan, wi, grunt y pres. ptc. 



40 



106 



bemiSan, i, conceal^ pres. i sg. 

9313. 
bemurnan, in, mourn for^ la- 

menty pret. i sg. 91^^. 
ben, f., petition^ prayer^ d. sg. 

59^3. 

bend, f., bondy chainy a. pi. 

31S, 2o3o, d. pi. 523, 7, 536. 

benn, f., <woundy n. pi. 59". 
bennian, bennegean, wz, 

nxjoundy 562; pret. 3 sg. 91^^, 

ptc. 52. 
beobread, n., honey-comb y a. sg. 

4o59. 

beofian, wa, trembhy shakey 

pres. 3 pi. 39. 
beon, anv., to bey pres. i sg. 

beom, 374, 78^ 1 64^ 234 . bgo, 



»3M 3 sg. 



j24^ 28^ 

etc.; 3 pi. 1 65, 26'9, 355, 

40", 635. 
beorcan, in, barky pres. i sg. 

242. 
beorg, m., mountainydi. sg. 15'^. 
beorghliS, n., mountain-slope y 

a. pi. beorghleo'Sa, 572. 
beorht, adj., brighty 20^ j f. 

4028} a. sg. m. 147; n. pi., 

f. 11^ J wk. a. neut. 936; 

compar. f. 198. 
beorhte, adv., brightly y 349. 
beom, m., a many ivarrior. 



noblemany d. sg. 12^; n. pi. 

3iiS J a. 22^8 . g, 6016. 
beot, n., boasty 90'. 
beran, iv, beary carry y 552, 56", 



642 j pres. 



sg- 



153 ; 3 sg. byretS, 329, 76^ 

14^ 57S 90^ J pret. 3 sg. 

10 10, 9127 J pret. ptc. boren, 

632. 
berian, W2, barey make chary 

expose y pres. 3 sg. 15^5, 
berstan, in, bursty crashy pres. 

3 sg. 48 ; bierste'5, 362. 
bescinan, i, shine upony pres. 

3 sg. 7220. 
bescyiran, wi, deprinjey w. d. 

rei. pret. 3 sg. 40 "o^ 
besincan, in, sinky pret. ptc. 

103. 

besnySSan, wi, depri<vey w. d. 

rei. pret. 3 sg. 26^ 
bestolene, v. bistelan. 
bestreSan, wi, co<ver o<ver{T) 

pret. ptc. 8 3'^3. 
betan, wi, amend, impro'viy 

pres. I sg. 6^0, 90^, ? 70^0. 
betra, adj., compar. of g5d, bet- 

tery n. sg. neut. 4028. 
betynan, wk. closey prt. ptc. 

40". 
beSenian, wi, stretch every 

pret. 3 sg. 26". 
beSuncan, wi, entrusty pres. 

opt. 3 pi. 487. 



^lofi^fifar^ 



133 



bewadan, vi, deprinje^ pret. 

ptc. 9128. 
bewiefan, W2, surround^ clothe^ 

pret. ptc. 70'. 
beweorpan, in, cast onjery 

conjevy pres. i sg. 83^9. 
bewindan, in, njoind round, 

encircle y pret. ptc. 30^, 82^. 
bewitan, prp., hwve care of, 

ivatch o'ver, pres. 3 sg. 83^. 
bewreon, i, co'ver up, conceal, 

pret. ptc. a. sg. f. bewrigene, 

42'4, ?777. 

bewreSian, wi, support, pret. 

ptc. 832'. 
bewyrcan, wi, make, pret. ptc. 

a. sg. m. beworhtne, 35^. 
bi, V. be. 

bicgan, wi,^«j', pres. 3 p]. 5412. 
bid, n., delay, on bid wricelS, 

forces to stop, holds back, 3^. 
bidan, i, abide, ivatt for, w. g. 

59, 1515; pres. 3 sg. 3 1^2. 

3 pi. 325. 

(2) remain, pres. i sg. 1 5^, 

pret. ptc. 822. 
biddan, v., beg, entreat, pray, 

w. a. pers. g. rei. pret. 3 sg. 

biidfaest = bidfsest, adj., stable, 

5 67. 
bidsteal, n., resistance, bidsteal 

giefeS, stands at bay, 40^9. 
bifeohtan, in, depri've by fight- 



ing, deprinje, w. d. rel. pret. 

ptc. 3^2. 
bifon, rd. contr., surround, en- 
circle, 40^2 ; pret. ptc. n. pi. 

neut. bifongen, 2 6 J'*. 
bihealdan, behealdan, rd. hold, 

retain, 40^9 ; pret. i sg. 72^. 
(2) behold, obsernje, pres. 

3 sg. 1 7 5, 4o93 . pret. opt. 

3 sg. 6o5. 
bihon, rd. contr., hang^ pret. 

ptc. bihongen, hung luithf 

5610. 
bilecgan, wi, encircle, co'ver, 

pres. 3 pi. 2625. 
bill, n., snvord, d. sg. 52. 
bilucan, 11, shut up, pret. 3 sg. 

611. 
bindan, in, bind, tie, pres. i sg. 

123, 2716. 3 sg. 387; pret. 

3 sg. 337; pret. ptc. 2 17, 

285, ^56^ 71^2 J a. sg. m. 48. 
bindere, m., a binder, 27^. 
biniman, iv, depri've, w. g. 

rei. pret. 3 sg. 262 ; w. d. 

pret. ptc. 2714, 
bireofan, n, berea^ve, w. d. rei. 

pret. ptc. 3^1 ; n. pi. 137. 
bisgo, f., labour, pains, a. sg. 

567. 
bistelan, iv, rob, depri've, w. 

d. rei. pret. ptc. 27^3 . n. pj, 

116. 
bitan, i, bite, pres. i sg. 65^ j 



134 



^losfflfar^ 



3Sg. 654 J 3 pi. 59, 656 5pres. 

opt. 3 sg. 65S } pret. 3 pi. 

91" J pret. opt. 3 sg. 91^7. 
biter, adj., bittery 33^5 d. pi. 

178. 
bitweonum, prep., w. dat., be- 

tiveeriy folng. its case, 29^. 
biSeccan, wi, co'ver^ pret. ptc. 

bl^eaht, 29. 
blac, adj., brighty shining^ 

ivhitey paUy d. sg. wk. 3^^"^ 5 

n. pi. neut. 351. 
blaec, adj., blacky d. sg. lo^; i. 

9122 5 n. pi. neut, 51^ } f. 57^. 
blacan, bleachy pret. ptc. 28^. 
blad, m., ^wealthy prosperity y 

377; a. sg. 936. 
blaetan, rd,, bleat, pres. i sg. 

242. 
blandan, rd., blendy mixy stir 

upy pret. opt. 2 sg. 4o59 j 

pret. ptc. 322, 2 3«. 
bleaS, adj., /iw/W, 40 '6. 
bled, f., shootyflonvery leafy cropy 

a. pi. 139. 
bledhwaet, zd].y Jlonveryyfruit- 

fuly a. pi. m. i9. 
bleofag, adj., colouredy 20^. 
bleowe, ?866. 
blican, i, /^z«^, (2) appear, be 

'visible y 349. 
bliss, f., blissyjoy, a. sg. 8^,437 ; 

d. 31^5. 
blod, n., bloody 91'^, a. sg. 4018. 



blonca, m. wk., a <vLihite horse, 

a. pi. 2218. 
blostma, m. wk. yblossomy a. sg. 

4028. 
blowan, rd., bloomy 349; pres. 

ptc. n. sg. 30'*. 
boc, f., booky a. pi. bee, 427. 
bOcwudu, m., beech-<ivoody d. 

sg. 40 106. 
bodian, w2, announcey declare, 

foretell, pres. i sg. bodige, 

8 10. 
bold, n., building, habitation, a. 

sg. 159. 
bona, m. wk., murderer, g. sg. 

2o'8, 727, d. 253. 
bonnan, rd., summon, pres. i 

sg. 144. 
borcian, W2, bark, pret. 3 sg. 

866. 
bord, n., board, table, a. sg. 

9122, 29 J g. 8723, 24. 

borda, m. wk., lid, co^ver, 

fringe, d. pi. 149. 
bordweall, m., shield-nvall, a, 

pl- 3 3^- 
bosm, m., bosom, breast, a. sg. 
362, 149541. sg. 347,126,141s, 

23^ 37^ 79^- 
bot, f., recompense, renvard, re- 

neivingy 377. 
brad, adj., broad, a. sg. m. wk. 

3^; comp. n. sg. neut.briedre, 



40 



5o 82 



^Io00ar^ 



135 



braeg^nloca, m. wk., brain- 
locker y skull y d. sg. jz'^'^. 
breahtm, m., noisey shoutings 

325, d. sg. 43 ; g. pi. 340. 
breaw, m., eye-lid, g. pi. 

breaga, 40 'oo. 
brecan, iv, break , 4^ j pres. i 

sg. 7226 J 3 sg. 386,654. 
bregdan, in, dra^-w, drag, w. d. 

pres. 1 sg. 898 } w. a. pres. 

opt. 3 sg. 2'^. 
brengan, wi, brings pret. 3 sg. 

brohte, 22^7, 598 j pj-gt. ptc. 

n. sg. broht, 12 7. 
breost, n., breast, n. sg. 151S. 
brerd, m., margin, surface, a. 

sg. 2 69. 
brim n., the sea, g. sg. 2 '3, 

io7. 

brimgiest, m., sea-guest, mar- 
iner, g. pi. 325. 
bringan, in = brengan, wi, 

bring, pres. i sg. 85 j 3 sg. 

ii^} pret. ptc. 217, 272. 
broga, m. wk., terror, horror, 

n. pi. 3^1. 
br53or, m., brother, 43", 82^, 

8713,23, 26, 9ii3.n. pi. 8720 J 

a. 3122. 
brSSorleas, adj., brotherless, 

8724. 
bru, f., eye-bronxj, g. pi. 4010°. 
brucan, 11, use, enjoy, w. g. 20^0, 

2618, 40 100 J pres. 3 sg. (w. 



pi. subj.) iS'O; 3 pi. 32" ; 

pres. opt. I pi. 4 1 7. 
brun, adj., bronjon, f. wk. 6o6j 

neut. 9 1 '6 J a. sg. m. 26^, g. 

pi. 90' ; d. pi. 178. 
bryd, f., bride, lady, 126, 453 j 

d. sg. 2027. 
bugan, WI, inhabit, dixjell,v7. a. 

pres. I sg. 72, 1585 3 pi. 671S. 
bugan, II, bend, 727 ; pres. ptc. 

d. sg. f. bugendre stefne, njuith 

pliant, or modulated,'voice, 8^. 
bur, n., boixjer, cottage, dnuell- 

ing, a. sg. 295. 
burg, f., city, castle, a. sg. 557 ; 

d. byrig, 29^ j d. pi. 340, 5i, 

59, 86, 341, 822, 936. 
burghliS, xv., castled hill, slope of 

the stronghold, d. pi. b-hleo- 

"Sum, 272. 
burgsael, n., castle-hall, a. pi. 

burgsalo, 57^. 
burgsittende, pi., dwellers in 

the castle, people, g. pi. 2 5 3. 
burne, byrne, f. wk., torrent, 

mountain- stream, 'water, a. 



sg. 



g-3^ 



buta, pron., = butu, neut. of 

begen, both, 546. 
butan, prep., w. d., njoithout, 

482. 
byden, f., barrel, tun, butt, d. 

sg. 276. 
byht, m., bight, bay, a. sg. 22". 



13^ 



^los?sfar^ 



byht, n., diuellingy habit atioriy 

a. pi. 7^. 
byledbreost, adj., ivith breast 

like a beaky fuff-breasted, 

byrnan, iii, burn (intr.) pres. 

ptc. 30I 
byrne, v. burne. 
byrne, f., byrnie^ corslet^ 20^. 
bysgian, W2, agitate^ troubUf 

pret. ptc. 3o3. 
bysig, adj., busy, 30^ 



cage, f. wk., key, g. sg. 4^"- 
cald, adj., ro/</, comp., 4o54. 
calu, adj., calloiv, baLdy 40^9. 
caru, f., r<2r^, trouble y sorroiUy 

a. sg. 438. 
ceaster, f., cityy a. sg. 59'^ 
cene, adj., boldy comp. 40 '8. 
cennan, wi, bring forth y bear, 

pret. 3 sg. 35Mptc- 39'^- 
ceol, m., y^^^/, J/^//>, d. sg. 328, 

I 84, 33^. 
ceorfan, in, car'vey heiVy pret. 

ptc. 2 81 
ceorl, m., churly countrymany 

a. sg. 278, g. 256. 
cigan, WI, cally pres. i sg. 8^. 
cirman, wi, chirntycryouty pres. 

1 sg. 83 J 3 pi. 574 J pret. 3 

sg. 48^. 



claengeorn, adj., desirous of 

purity y cleanly y 83^^ 
clengeS, 28^ ; perh. a noun in 

a. sg., meaning merriment, 

jollity. 
cleopian, W2, call out, pret. 3 

sg. 332. 
clif, n., cliffy a. pi. cleofu, 3*8. 
clomm, clamm, m. f., bond, 

fetter, a. pi. 3^^ 4*"- 
clympre, m., lumpy 40^^- 
clyppan, wi, embracey pres. 31 

pi. 2626. ; 

cneo, n., kneey a. pi. 44^. 
cnosl, n., off springy kindred^ 

tribey g. sg., i8^ 438. \ 

cnyssan, WI, j/r/^^, 358. ! 

cofa, m. wk., chamber, d. sg.; 

63^. 
comp, m., battle, strife, contest ^i 

g. sg. 20^5 J d. 6*. 
compwaepen, n.ibattle-ixjeaponj 

d. pi. 209. 

conn, const, v. cunnan. 
craeft, m., craft, skill, Si^^ 
a. sg. 3ii3jg. 8ai3j d. 4^"! 

7223 J d. pi. 31^°. ! 

(2) mighty strengthy d. sg;j 
2x7, 72", 8326; d. pi. 35^- i 

creodan, 11, croivdy press, pres 
3 sg. crydcS, 328. 

Crist, m., Christ, 6*. 

cuma, m. wk., guest, stranger 
43'6. 



^Io00ar^ 



i2>7 



cuman, iv, comey Sy'^ j pres. 3 
sg. S^^S 37^ 40" ; pres. opt. 
sg. cyme, 5^, es^jcume, 15'°; 
pret. I sg. 652 ; 3 sg. 106, 
22S297, 331 ; 54I; 85s 9i'6. 

cunnan, prp., to be able, pres. 
2 sg. const, 36" } pres. opt. 

2 sg. 3213 ; pret. 3 sg. cu5e, 
59'o. 

(2) knoiju, pres. 3 sg. conn, 
60", 69^ j pres. opt. 3 sg. 
6718, 7229. 
cu3, adj., ^well-knoivTiy 298, 

3 3", 72", 93' 5 a. sg. neut. 
wk. 445. 

cu3e, V. cunnan. 

cwelan, iv, ^;V,pres. i sg. 65'. 

cwellan, wi, killy pres. i sg. 

2o9 5 pret. sg. 776. 
cwen, f., queen^ lady^ 79^^ n. pi. 

498. 
cwene, f., ^woman^ 731. 
cweSan, v, say, pret. i sg. 65' ; 

3 sg. 48^ 595, 67" ; 3 pi. 

59^2. pret. opt. 3 pi. 59^7. 
cwic, cwico, adj., quick. Having, 

65s T^^ ; a. sg. neut. cwico, 

106, 133 } cwicu, 735 5 g- pl- 

288 5 a. pi. the Having, 6^,387. 
cwide, m., speech^ saying, a. sg. 

_47^. 
cymlic, adj., comely, beautiful, 

33^- 
cyn(n), n., race, tribe, kind, jj^ j 



a- sg. 49^ ; g- sg. 3 3^ 60^*; 
d. sg. 350 J a. pi. 63 j g. pi. 

4iS 55S83«. 
cyneword, x\., fitting nvord, d. 

pi. 43^5. 
cyning, m., king, 2o9, 40^ j g. 

sg. 793 ; n. pi. 498. 
cyrran, wi, turn, pres. 3 sg. 

3 1 10 J pret. 3 sg. 2 2^7 J pret. 

ptc. 28^^. 
cyrten, adj., comely, beautiful, 

n. sg. f. 256. 
cyssan, wi, kiss, pres. 3 sg. 

634 ; 3 pi. 143, 306. 
cystig, adj., bountiful, good, 

8326. 
cySan, wi, announce, make 

knonjun, 43, 31^3^ g^gj pres. 

opt. 3 sg. 43^5 J pret. 3 sg. 

8730. 



daed, f., deed, d. sg. ii^. 
daeg, m., day, a. sg. 2o7, 58^5 

g. 2717J adverbially, by day, 

273, 492; d. pi. 9S 53^; 

advbl. 5!"^. 
daegcondel, f., day-candle ^ sun, 

9i3o. 
daegrim, m., number of days, 

d. sg. 916. 
daegtid, f., day-time, d. pi. 

173, 71^. 



138 



^losf^ar^ 



dael, n., 'valley, a. pi. dalu, 91 9. 
dsil, m., sharsy portion, 28', 
60% 644; a. sg. 554, 589, 

71^4 J d. 2610, ?729. 

daro3, m., spear, n. pi. 564. 
dead, adj., dead, 734 j a. sg. m. 

9'- 
deaf, adj., deaf, a. sg. 492. 
deagol, degol, adj., secret, a. 

sg. 15^;} a. pi. 4o39. 
deall, adj., proud, resplendent, 

3122 J a. pi. 22". 
dear, prp., only in pres. i sg. 

/ dare, 1515. 
deaS, m., death, 15", 84^5 d. 

sg. I2i5, 28", ?8349. 

dSaSslege, m,, death-blonxj, a. 

pi. 5 '4. 
deaSspere, n., death-spear, a. 

pi. 3^^. 
deaw, m., denxj, 2 9 12. 
degol, adj. v. deagol. 
degolful, adj., secret, a. sg. m. 

82'3. 

delfan, in, dig out, pres. 3 pi. 

4o97. 

deman, wi, judge, 28". 
denu, f., 'valley, d. pi. 27^. 
dSop, adj., deep, 22^5 a. sg. 

neut. 610 ; a. pi. m. 91^; 

neut. 9i9i g. pi. 564 
deope, adv., deeply, 536. 
deor, adj., bra've, strongs 31'^ 5 

d. sg. m. 12^. 



deoran, 11, praise, glorify, pres. 
3 pi. I 1 7. 

deorc, adj., dark, 321 j n. pi. 
neut. 345 J d. pi. 129. 

deore, adj., dear, precious, de- 
sirable, 17'°; a. sg. m. 43 1 J 
comp. 8336- sup, a. sg. neut. 
ii9j g. sg. wk. 33'o, 4i4, 

dohtor, f., daughter, 256, 3 3='o, 
455, 7955 n. pi. 462; g.; 

dol, adj., stupid, foolish, 3^3,! 

20^2} neut. 129, 26^7 . a. pl,| 

1 13, 2717. 
dolg, n., <Tjuound, n. pi. 512 • 

dolgian, W2, avound, pret. ptc. 

536; a. sg. wk. (?) 59". 

dom, m., judgment, d. sg. 72'°. 

(2) honour, poiver, a. sgj 

82'3 J g. sg. 3 1 16. 
don, anv., ^0, pres. 3 sg. 67* 

3 pi. 4i7, 4910J pret. sg< 

dyde, 2o25 5 3 sg. 9^2, 26^. 
dream, m., song, mirth, re^velry: 

287. 

drefan, wi, stir, trouble, pres 
I sg. 72 J pret. 3 sg. 2216. 

dreogan, 11, suffer, labour, pres' 
I sg. 806; 3 sg. 32io5pret 
3 sg. 5i5. 

(2) perform, fulfil, 58' 
pres. 3 sg. 694 } sitSas dreogan 
journey, 39''' } bisgo dreag 



^losfi^ar^ 



139 



performed labour^ suffered 

trouble^ 5 67. 
drifan, i, drlvey dri've outj pres. 

3 sg. 4o7«. 
drihten, v. dryhten. 
drincan, 111, drink^ 12^^ 71^ j 

pres. 3 pi. 14'^, 20i2j 63^ ; 

pret. 3 pi. 55S 56", 67'7. 
drohtaS, f., w^ of lifey loty 

fortune, a. sg. 6^°. 
druncmennen, n., drunken 

maidser-vanty 12^. 
dryge, adj., dry^ 4o77. 
dryht, f., troop, multitude, pi. 

w^«, mankind, g. pi. 2 8 7, 

41^ 5 d. 3'*5, i2i5^ 502. 



Dryhten, Drihten, m., the dysig, adj., j/z//)/^/, a. pi. 112. 
Lord, God, 40 12, 842 ; a. sg. 



59" 5 g- 59^ ?7o9. 

iryhtfolc, n. , nation, multitude, 
g. pi. 2617. 

IryhtgestrSon, n., noble trea- 
sure, g. pi. 17^. 

lufan, II, duue, pret. i sg. 73^* } 

3 sg. 51^- 
iugan, prp., a^vail, pres. 3 sg. 
deag, 72^ J pret. 3 sg. dohte, 

6l7. 

duguS, f., gain, benefit, ad- 
njantage, a. sg. 91^5 him to 
dug'Sum for his benefit, 49'°. 

dumb, adj., dumb, 31"^, 536, 
wk. 49'°, 59^; a. sg. wk. 
492 ; d. pi. 502. 



dun, f., doiAjn, mountain, 321 ; 

g. sg. 1521; a. pi. 386} d. 

27^. 
duru, f., door, d. pi. 15", 287. 
dust, n., dust, 29 12. 
dwagscan, wi, extinguish, pres. 

3 sg. 8338. 
dwellan, wi, lead astray, pres. 

I sg. 1 1 3. 
dyfan, wi, dip, pret. 3 sg. 26^. 
dynt, m., blonjo, d. pi. 27^7, 
dyp, f., depth, the deep {sea), a. 

sg. 321. 
dyre, adj., precious, dear, 40^9, 

83'3j f. 8322J g. sg. wk. 82i3j 

comp. a. pi. 49^ 



E. 

eac, conj., also 36", 40'*°, 

6313. 
€acen, adj., increased, great, 

mighty, s'\ 9^]f. 3 3 'S 8320, 

26, 

Sad, n., ivealth, possessions, 
a. sg. 2623. 

Sadig, adj., ^wealthy, prosper- 
ous, d. pi. 8327. 

Sadignes, f., ^wealth, prosper- 
ity, happiness, g. sg. 30^, 

eafora, m. wk., child, off' 
spring, d. sg. 2021 j a. pL 
15" 



140 



^lo0sfar^ 



6age, n. wk., eye^ 25" ; a. sg. 
374, 853, 866 J n. pi. 40"} 
a. pi. 366, 8o3 5 g. pi. 39", 
599;d. pi. 155, 8331. 

eal(l), adj. pron. ,<«//, a. sg. m. 
40^4, 669 J f.^ 4o53 J neut. 
4o33, 4o, 84^ 828; n. pi. m. 
5 5 10, 663 . a. neut. ealle, 83^, 
91"; g. pi. 131, 3313, 3914^ 
4o^ 88, 4665 d. 298, 40101, 

eal(l), adv., «//, quite ^ 56, 927. 
eald, adj., old^ 8^ ; a. sg. m. 

278 ; d. sg. m. 40^3 J comp. 

yldra, 40'^^^ 71 9. 
ealdor, n., life^ spirity 93, le-j^^. 
ealdorburg, f., princely dnjoell- 

ing, a. sg. 5915. 
ealdorgesceaft, f., condition of 

life, 3923. 
ealfelo, adj., most pernicious y a. 

sg. n. 239. 
ealles, adv., quite, 151I 
eallgearo, adj., all eager, 23^. 
earn, xn., uncle, 46^. 
ear, m., the sea, d. sg. 322. 
earc, f., box, d. sg. 612. 
eard, m., home, dijoelling, 87^'^; 

a. sg. 6o5, 668, 806, 8719 5 

^- sg. 3 3^*, 72^, 828, 9114, 
eardfaest, adj., established in its 

place, a. sg. 49 1. 
eardian, W2, d^welly 8727 ; 

pret. 3 sg. 8728. 



5are, f. wk., f«2r, n. pL 15^5 

a. pi. 8o3, 853. 
earfoS, n., labour, g. pi. 7114. 
earm, adj., poor, d. pi. 8327 j 

sup. 39^4. 
earm, m., «rz^, a. pi. 32^, 85^. 
earn, m., eagle, 40^7 j a. sg. 24^. 
earp, eorp, adj., dark broivn, 

dark, 49", 72^6 . g_ sg. neut. 

9125 J n. pi. wk. 342. 
eaSe, adv., easily, 15 '9, 23", 

4o53, 558. 

eawunga, adv., evidently, open- 
ly, 7225. I 

eaxl, exl, f., shoulder, a. pi. 1 
326, 693, 856, ?72x6. I 

eaxlgestealla, m., shoulderA 
companion, 79', j 

ece, adj., eternal, 40^ ; d. pl.j 
ecan, 4o9o. 

(2) adv. ?67il 

ecg, f., edge, sixjord, 3^2, 26^ j 
n- pl- 33^g- 5'^d. 342, 53. 

edniwe, adj., renenxjed, (?)4i^ 

efelang, adj., of equal length, 
447. 

efnan, wi, le'vel, make even,'. 
pres. I sg. 278. 

efne, adv., even, just ; efne swa, 
even as, 3^3 j efne swa "Seah, 
— se'Seah, nevertheless, 3 927, 
651. 

efnetan, v, rival in eating, 
4063. 



<ftlo00ar^ 



141 



ft, adv., again^ a''^, 3^8, 63^ 59^ 
ao'3, 263, m 376^ 396^ 652, 

(2) backivardsy 23 S 62^. 
gesful, 2id]., terrible, 33I 
gle, adj., odious y painful J n. pi. 

f. 71 '7; d. pi. 179. 
gsa, m. wk., terror , panic y 

333, 49. 
h, n., horsey a pi. 22". 
htuwe, num., eighty 36'*. 
lien, m. n., strengthy feat of 

strength y 6i7, 72^ j a. sg. 58', 

8730. 
llenrof, adj., bra'vey stouty 

strongy n. pi. 2220. 
llorfus, adj., hurrying aivayy 

n. pi. 43^3. 
nde, m., endy a. sg. 83^° ; d. 

798, 87-3. 
ngel, m., angely g. pi. 668. 
ngu, f., a narro'w place y a. sg. 

35 ;d. 312. 
ode, V. gan. 
odorwir, m., 'wirefencey d. pi. 

172. 
ofor, m., boary d. sg. 4018. 
oredmaecg, m., rider y a. pi. 

223. 

oredSreat, m., legiony armyy 

hosty 3^9. 
orl, m. , early noblemany many g. 

sg. 6oi3, 795 J a. pi. 22" ; g. 

467} d. 85, 31", 558, 931. 



eorp, V. earp. 

eorSbuende, pi., divellers on 

earth, d. pi. 298, 
eorSe, f. wk., the earth, 533; 

a. sg. 22, 1 63, 29 12, 35", 

40S 2% 668, 8341, 8721, 9310J 

g. 4o4, 25,6716,825, 87^7. d. 

1 7, 368, 63, 278, 16, 4o4o, so, 

82, 416, 501, 762. 
eorSgraef, n., trenchy ditchy a. 

sg. 589. 
esne, m., ser^vanty 435, 8, 16, 

444, 548, 635 J a. pi. 2716 5 g. 

22«3. 

5st, i.yfa'voury lonjey d. pi. 26I 
etan, v, eat, pres. 3 sg. ite^S, 

58'o, 768. 
eSel, m., homey homesteady na- 

ti've landy 16^ , a. sg. 66^, 

918; d. 1512. 
ESelfaesten, n., fortress-home, 

a. sg. 7225. 
eSelstol, m., ancestral seat, 

home, a. sg. 3^. 
e35a, conj. = o33e, or, 43 '7. - 
exl, V. eaxl. 



F. 



f«cne, adj., deceitful, malicious, 

d. sg. m. 538. 
faeder, m., father, 9^, 378, 

4o34, 464, 839. 
fseger, adj., fair, beautiful. 



142 



Closffl^ar^ 



31^7^ 835 J comp. n. sg. neut. 

4o46. 

fsegre, adv., fairly y pleasantly y 

kindly y nvelly 12", 20% 28^, 

508, 534, 632, 7221. 
faehS, f., feudy hostility y strifcy 

d. pi. 29". 
faelsian, w2, cUariyfurifyy pret. 

ptc. 82I 
fSmig, V. famig. 
faemne, f., maideny 425, 731. 
fSr, m., j^<2r, sudden danger y 

5 3'^- 

faest, adj.,/rw, 172, 2ii3, ^^6^ 
6o3 5 a. pi. 347; g. 527. 

faeste, adv., y^J/, firmly y se- 
curely y 3S 123, 1 610, 2314, 
2626, 524^ 566, 6iS 70^^, 8725. 

faesten, n. , a fastness y confined 
place y a. sg. 259. 

f«t, adj.,yi?/, stouty 22^4, comp. 
40105. 

faeted, adj., plated y a. sg. 51 7. 

faeSm, m., embraccy d. sg. 63^; 
d. pi. 2625, 661 

(2) bosom y d. sg. 12" j d. 

pi. 2^3, lo^. 

fah, adj., hostile y foey proscribed y 

2016, 82! 
fam, n. , foamy z*. 
famig, faemig, adj., foamy y 

3 '9, 3.. 

faran, vi, gOy traijely dri<vey 
(intr.) 32% «, 64s- pres. i sg. 



^^"^ h 3 sg. 3^^^* 17", 214,233 

833 ; 3 pi. 3^6 J w. acc. pret 

3 sg. 368 } pres. ptc. a. 

m. farende, 3^7, 
fea, adj., fenvy n. sg. fea jenig 

njery fe^Wy 6o3 5 n. pi. 3^7. 
fealdan,rd.,yo/i/, pret. 3 pi. 26' 
feallan, rd., fally 3^*65 pres. 

sg. 2ii3, 80 10, 9 1 24 J pret. 

sg. 2 9 12. 
fealo, adj., bronvny or yellonvis 

redy 1 5 1; n. sg. m. wk. 55 '< 

n. pi. 7218. 
feax, n., hairy d. sg. 91^2, 
feaxhar, zd]., grey-hairedy 73 
fedan, wi, feedy pres. 3. s^ 

342} 3 pi. 5o«; pret. 3 sg. 9' 

7i5, 761 } 3 pi. 534, 721. 
fegan, wi,fixy join, pres. 3 sg 

259 5 pret. 3 sg. 61^. 
fela, indecl., muchy manyy w. ^ 

pi. 8", 218, 328, 342, 82I' 

adverbially, 318, 583. 
felan, wi, feely w. g. pres. 

sg. 259, 8349; 3 pi. 68. 
felawlonc, adj., very proua 

stately y f. i27. 
feld, m.yfieldy a. pi. 328. 
fell, n., hidey skiny g. sg. 76- 

n. pi. 1 33. 
fen, n.yfeny morass y 4o3i. 
fenyce, f., s<voamp-frogy 4o7i. 
feoh, n., cattle y a. sg. 342. 
(2) money y d. sg. 54*2. 



^los^ar^ 



143 



feohtan, in, fighty 6^, 16' ; 

pres. ptc. n. pi. j'*^. 
feohte, f., battUy a. sg. s^- 
feol, f.,//^, g. sg. 70-^5(1.892. 
feolan, in, penetrate^ p^^^y ^z^. 
feond, m., enemy y 21 3, 50"*, 

91^6 J d. sg. 50"*; g. pi. 26'. 
feondsceaSa, m. wk., enemy y 

a. pi. i4'9. 
feor, zdw.y favy 235. 
feorh, feorg, n., /(/>, 9% 12^5 

a. sg. 106, 133, 1519, 3916. 

d. feore, 3^2^ 201^, 23I'*, 26% 

40^5, 9120, 
feorhbealu, n., life-baUy a. sg. 

235, 
feorhberend, m., lii/ing person, 

f^orhbora, m., bearer of life. 

Having thing y 902, 
feormian, W2, tend, care fory 

cherish y pres. 3 sg. 72^1. 
feorran, adv. , from a distancey 

68, 127, 286, 542. 
feower(e), num., /o«r, 36^, 

38^, 55S ^ 55S 7i5. 
fer (= fasr), n., journey y a. 321° 

(see note). 
feran, wi, go, mo've, travel, 

29", 327, 36S 396, 4069, 

68', 741 ; pres. i sg. i5, 371, 

12', 21^ }3 sg. 322, 582, 9128^ 

93^ } 3 pi- 3^^ 57^^; pres. ptc. 

n. sg. m. 79 • f. 835. 



fere, 32'°, v. faer, neut. 

ferian, fergan, wi, carry, bear, 
15'^ 52 1 j pres. 3 sg. 147, 
5 84, 11; pret. 3 sg. 1965 3 
pi. 27I 

fering, f., journey ingy g. sg. 

7227. 

ferS, n., mindy lifey spirit, soul, 
heart, a. sg. 73^ 5 d. 2621 j 
d. pi. 8333 J fer-S-Sum, 54'2, 
593. 

ferSfriSende, adj., life-sustain- 
ing, 38^. 

feSe, n., course, runningy d. sg. 
152. 

feSegeorn, adj., eager to mo'vey 

feSeleas, adj., nvithout feet, a. 
sg. f. 763. 

feSemund, f., a '■^run-hand,''"' 
i.e., a foot suited for run- 
ning and also digging (?), d. 

pi. I 5 '7. 

feSer, i., feathery n. pi. 2 7'*. 
fif, num.,/'x;^, pi. fife, 46^. 
findan, iii, findy 5" j pres. 3 

sg. 34^ 87345 3 pi. 437. 

pret. ptc, 27'. 
finger, m., finger, n. pi. 2 67, 

40S2 ; d. pi. 636. 
firas, pi. m., men, g. 67^5 d. 

33'^- 
firen, f., crime, sin, a. sg. 

8338. 



144 



i5\oi&m 



firenian, W2, re'viUy pres. 3 sg. 

firgenstream, m., mountain- 
streamy d. pi. io2. 
fisc, m.y fishy d. pi. 73^^. 
fiSru, n. pi., nvingSy a. 36^. 
flaesc, n., /^.f>^, a. sg. i'^, 76^, 

?8i4. 
flan, f., arroiMy a. sg. 3^^, 
flangeweorc, n., arroiv-nvorky 

arroixjSy g. pi. 5612. 
fleam, m.y flighty d. sg. 151^. 
fleogan, II, ;?y, 3^6, 318, 4066^ 

583; pres. 3 sg. 23^2; 3 pi. 

176; pret. I sg. 733 ; 3 sg. 

2216, 374. 
flSon, II, covi.\.T.yfleey pret. i sg. 

15^95 3 sg. 645. 
flSotig, adj., floatingy fleetingy 

d. sg. wk. 5 1 77. 
flet(t), n. floor. 

{%)hally a. sg. 552, 5612; 

d. 42S. 
flint, m.y flinty d. sg. 4o78. 
flintgraeg, zdj. yflint-grej, a. sg. 

m. 319. 
fl5can, wi, clap nvith the hands y 

pres. 3 sg. 2 ©34. 
flod, m., floody streamy 22^, a. 

sg. 3^9 J d. 79, 102, 2 2^4, 

40^7, 733^ 763. n^ pi_ 554. 
a. pi. 147, 771. 
flSdweg, m., flood-avayy a. pi. 
368. 



flyman, wi,/«/ to flighty 14^9 j 

pres. 3 pi. i65. 
flys, n.,^^^r^, d. pi. 353. 
foddurwela, m., provision, 

storey a. sg. 32"°. 
folc, n., peophy nationy a. sg. 

76}g. 646;d. 33",d. pi. 343, 

933. 
folcsael, n., people^ s hally public 

buildingy a. pi. i^. 
folcscipe, m., nationy people, 

d. sg. 32^0. 
folcstede, m.y peopWs place y A. 

sg. 5"- 
folcwiga, m. wk., nvarriory n. 

pi. i4'3. 
foldbuende, pi., davellers on 

earthy g. ii3. 
folde, f. wk., earthy a. sg. i^, 

12^; g. 28S 4i5, 664, 5o»i 

d. 7^ 3 3", 39'°, 73^- 
folgian, W2, folloiVy pret. 3 sg. 

372, 862. 
folm, f.,^<2«^, 40^2, a. sg. 39'°} 

d. 636; n. pi. 3i7; a. 32^; 

g. 2715; d. 2o34, 5919^ 6i3, 

?728. 
f5n, rd. contr., tahey seize, 

catchy pres. 3 sg. fell's, 279 

(grapples with) ; pret. 3 sg. 

feng, w. g. 563. 
for, prep., w. d., beforey 182, 

20", 3512, 481, 4, 558, 6o^S. 

(2) /or, 706, 9119. 



^Iofif0ar^ 



145 



fSr, f., journey^ 198 ; d. sg. 1 1^, 

43 'O. 

(2) mo'vement^ d. sg. 40^1, 

foran, adv., in fronts 442, 538. 
forht, adj., timid^ afraid \ (2) 

w. A. formidable^ 43^°- 
forhtmod, adj., timidy 15'^. 
forlatan, rd., release^ let Jio^Wy 

pres. 3Sg. 2 37jpret. 3Sg. 382. 
forma, adj.,/rj/, 5 8^5. 
forst, m.y frost, 40^"^, 91". 
forstelan, 11, rob, steal, pret. 

ptc. forstolen, a. pi. neut. 

stolen (property), 1418. 
forstondan, vi, hinder, pre- 

'vent, w. d. pers. a. rei. pres. 

I sg. 16^. 
forstrang, adj., njery strong, a. 

sg. m. 50'^. 
forswelgan, iii, sivalloixj up, 

pres. 3 sg. 49" ; pret. 3 sg. 

47^. 

for3, 2.(i\., forth, onivard, aijoay, 
216, 29", ^3, 632,8, 845, 896; 
henceforth, 202^. 

forScuman, iv, come forth, pret. 
ptc. n. pi. for'Scymene, 1 3 ^°. 

forSgesceaft, f. n., creation, a. 
sg. 839. 

forSon, conj., for that, there- 
fore, 15^2, 20-0, 2613, 6713, 

forSsiS, m.,forthgoing, depart- 
ure, exit, g. sg. 622. 



forSweard, adj., pointing for- 

<ivard, mo'vingfor'vuard, 2 1 ^^, 

7226. 
forSweg, m., departure, g. sg. 

30^. 
forweorSan, iii, perish, die, 

pret. opt. I sg. 56. 
fot, m.,/00/, a. sg. 3120, 3 9 10, 

8o3, 9125 J d. fote, 3 1 '7 J fet, 

326 J n. pi. fet, 3i7i a. 36^, 

678, 854; g. 2715, 566; d.i2S 

7, 4o77, 8 1 4. 
foSor, m., fodder, food, g. sg. 

58". 
fraetwan, wi, -ian, W2, orna- 
ment, adorn, pres. 3 pi. 35'°; 

pret. 3 sg. 618} pret. ptc. 

14", 286, 312, 20, 322, 538. 
fraetwe, pi. f., ornaments, 

adornments, 7^5 a. 13^°} d. 

147, 4o46. 
fram, v. from, 
frea, m. wk., lord, master, 3^, 

6^ 17^ 9iS- g- sg. 3^^44S 



728, 897 ; d. 202, 



43J 



5510, 6l3, 622,792. 
frecne, adj., dangerous, terrible, 

a. sg. n. 54. 
frecne, adv., fiercely, senjerely, 

dangerously, 2016. 
frefran, wi, comfort, delight, 

pres. I sg. (P . 
fremde, adj., foreign, strange, 

1 64, 934. 



146 



(S^io&sim 



fremman, wi, do, nvork, ji^, 
72", 87295 gutSe fremme, 
make ivar, ao^s. 

fremu, f. , benefit, ad'vantage, d. 
pi. 508. 

freo, adj., free-born, noble, g. 

pi. I 5 '9. 

freogan, w. contr., lo've, pres. 

3 pi. 54'"- 
freolic, 2i6.].,free, noble, goodly, 

1413, 8328, 902 ; n. sg. f. 611 J 

n. pi. neut. 46"^. 
freond, vn.., friend, d. sg. 20^^ ; 

g. pi. 2621 } d. 934. 
freorig, adj., cold, 35^ 
freoSian, W2, protect, cherish, 

pres. 3Sg. 8975 pret. 3 sg. 95. 
fretan, v, eat (of animals), de- 

<vour, 765 } pret. 3 sg. 47 ^ 
fricgan, v, ask, search for, im- 

pertve. 14'^, 161°, 2626, 2715. 
fridhengest, m., a stately horse, 

a. pi. 2 2"*. 
friS, m. n., peace, safety, a. sg. 

7226. 
friSemaeg, f., protectress, 9^. 
friSian, w2, protect, . defend, 

J 67. 
friSosped, f., prosperity, g. sg. 

fr5d, adj., nvise, prudent, a. pi. 
59^ ; comp. 83^5^ n. pi. 2621 ; 
old, 534, 82S 916 J a. sg. m. 
723. 



frofor, f., comfort, help, joy, g. 

from, fram, adj., strenuous, 
'vigorous, bold, w. g. 622, 
7227 . comp. 51"^ j sup. advbl. 
8328. 

from, prep. w. d.,from, anvay 
from, 2o23, 22^9^ 332, 4312. 

fromcynn, n., lineage, ancestry, 
a. sg. 8 2 1, 7. 

fromlice, adv., stoutly, boldly, 
promptly, JS^^y 4°^^ j comp. 
4066. 

fruma, m. wk., beginning, 
origin, a. sg. 827. 

frumbearn, n., first-born, n. 
pi. 46! 

frumsceaft, i., first creation, be- 
ginning of all things, d. sg. 3 '^^. 

frumstaSol, m., original seat, 
place of birth, d. sg, 6o3. 

frymS, m., beginning, d. sg. 

406, 34. 

fugol, fugul, m., bird, 368} 
g. sg. 267, 36^0 J d. 3i7j d. 

pl- 51^ 73^- 
ful, adj., full, a. sg. 3^0 ; ad- 
verbially with adj. or another 
adv. as ful oft, 30^ j sim. 2 5 6, 

40104^ 3^6^ gylS. 

ful, 3.d]., foul, n. sg. wk. ^o^^ ; 

comp. 40^1. 
full,n., cup, a. sg. 23^4. a. pl. 

338. 



^Io00ar^ 



147 



fullestan, wi, help^ pres. 3 sg. 

fundian, wi, siri've, endea'vour, 

pres. 3 sg. 8 3^5 pret. 3 pi. 22'^. 

furSum, adv., at first, formerly^ 

fiis, adj., ready y prompty eager y 

hasteningy 72^7 j n. pi. neut. 

3^3 - d. pi. 9 I '2; w. g. ^^^^r 

/or, 3o3. 
fyllan, wi, felly o'verthroiVy 

pres. I sg. 1 9. 
fyllan, wi,///, 618, pret. 3 sg. 

37^ ; w. g. pret. ptc. 172. 
fyllo, i.yfulnessy ^wealthy a. sg. 

42SJ g. 17S. 
fyr, n., /r^, a. sg. 40785 g. 

70^ j d. 3^3, 12", 3o3, 82I 
fyrd, f., armyy a. sg. 7221. 
fyrdrinc, m., nvarriory g. sg. 

792. 
fyrdsceorp,n,, njoar-equipmenty 

i4>3. 
fyrn, adj., ancienty f. 839. 

G. 

gaest, gest, giest, m., guesty 



strangery 



a. sg. 43- 



g. pi. 33° ; d. 22i5. 

g^st, m., //)/>/■/, 79, 59155 d. 

sg- 9^ 59S a. pi. i'3j g, 

40^', 48^- 

(2) /(/>, a. sg. 122. 



gastberend, m., bearer of life y 

many a. sg. 20^. 
gaful, gafol, n., tributey a. sg. 

3 2 12 J on gafol, for the use of 

382. 
galan, vi, sing, cry outy pres. 

3 sg. gasle^, 2o35. 
galdor, n., incantationy g. pi. 

672. 
galdorcwide, m., magicy 

speech, a. sg. 487, 
gan, anv., gOy 435 j pres. 3 sg. 

gig's, 4o77j pret. 3 sg. code, 4^. 
gangan, v. gongan. 
garsecg, m., the ocean, g. sg. 

2*, 4o93. 

gat, m. f., goat, 242. 

gear, n., year, g. pi. 3 2 '2. d. 

723. 
geara, adv., of yore, formerly, 

2029. 
geard, m., enclosure, divelling, 

a. pi. 208 5 d, 432, 90"*. 
gearu, adj., ready, prompt^ 

comp. 8336. 
gearugongende, adj., going 

snjoiftly, 40 17. 
gearwe, adv., readily, entirely, 

826. 
geatwan, wi, prepare, equips 

pret. ptc. 28^ 
geatwe, pi. f., ornaments, 

trappings, advbl. d., splen 

didly, 3 5 10, 



148 



(3\osi&nt^ 



gebrec, n., crash, none, n. pi, 

gebroSor, pi. m., brethren, 
brothers {collecti'vely), 132. 

geceapian, W2, purchase, pres. 
3 sg. 2313. 

geceosan, 11, choose, pret, part, 
gecoren, 3 1 'o. 

gecweSan, v, say, pret. 3 sg. 
488. 

gecynd, f., ^z«^, species, na- 
ture, d. sg. 72'*; d. pi. 

39'^. 

gecySan, wi, make kno^wn, de- 
clare, 837. 

ged^lan, wi, separate, pres. 
3 pl- 847, 

gedon, anv., cause, pret. 3 pL 
gedydon, 72^. 

gedreag, n., tumult, turmoil, 
a. sg, 6 10. 

gedwelan, iv, ^0 astray, err ,• 
pret. ptc. n. pi. m., per'verse, 

Il7. 

gedygan, wi, escape, sur^i've, 
pres. 3 sg. 386; 3 pi. 357. 

gedyn, n,, din, noise, d. sg, 
3^5. 

gefara, m. wk., companion, 792, 

gefea, m.,>j, d. sg. 41 5. 

gefeon, v, contr., delight, re- 

\ joice, pret. 3 sg. 645. 
•eferan, wi, endure, suffer, 
pret. ptc. 37'*. 



gefeterian, W2, fetter, chain, 

pret. ptc, 52"*. 
gefraege, adj., knoivn, manifest, 

93^- 
gefrignan, in, hear of, pret. 

I sg. 45S 472, 48S 671. 
gefyllan, wi, ///, pres. 3 sg. 

i4«, 66«5 pret. 3 sg. 447. 
gegnpseS, m., hostile ivay, d. 

sg. 1526. 
gehabban, W3, hold firm, 16"°. 
gehaelan, wi, heal, cure, pret. 

3 sg, 5 12 J imptve. 48^. 
gehleSa, m. wk., companion, a. 

pi. 9127. 
gehrefan, wi, roof co'ver, pret. 

ptc. I'o. 
gchwa, pron., each one, eijery 

one, d. sg. 11^; w, g. 2^2^ 

32'2, 3313, 549, 606, 816. 
gehwylc, pron., each, w. g. pi. 

7165 g. sg. 135, 4o36; d. pi. 

41^, 8212, 9313. 
gelsedan, wi, lead, bring, 1520, 
gelic, adj., like, n. pi. 51 7. 
gelicnes, f., likeness, 369. 
gelome, 2idv., frequently, 31". 
gemaedan, wi, madden, pret. 

ptc. n. pi. gemsedde, 11^. 
gemaenan, wi, speak, utter, 

pres. I sg. 24^. 
gemaene, adj., common, ji^. 
gemanian, W2, admonish, re- 
mind, pret. ptc. 3^^. 



^lofi?0ar^ 



149 



gemet, n., measure^ fitness^ d. 

sg. 5o7. 
gemittan, wi, meet^ pres, 3 pi. 

gemong, n., society y company ^ 



d. 



sg. 31' 



gemot, n., meetings g. sg. 5'°, 

gemunan, prp., pres. i sg, 82^5 

3 pi. i7«^ 
gemynd, n., mind^ memory ^ a, 

sg- 59^" 
gen, geno, gena, gien, adv., 
yety stilly 2o29, 4o5«, 49^ j 

"Sagen, any longer, 92. 
(2) hitherto, 20^5. 
genaegan, wi, approach, assail, 

pres. 3 sg. 20'9. 
gensestan, wi, contend, pres. 

3 sg. 2 7 10. 
geneahhe, adv., enough. 

(2) abundantly, frequently, 

82, 1 2 12, 2 6«, 3 1 10. 
genearvrian, W2, constrain, 

confine, pres, 3 sg. 3^ 
genergan, wi, sa<ve, 1519, 
geniman, iv, take, hold, pret. 

3 sg. 53'^ (y^^^ /«/o), ptc. n. 

pi. 523. 
geniwian, W2, renenxj, pret. 

ptc. 139. 
geno, V. gen. 
geoc, f, help, health, 55. 
geofum, 8336, V. gifu. 



geogu3cn5sl, n. , young family , 

d. sg. 15'°. 
geoguSmyru, f, gladness of 

youth, g. sg. 382. 
geolo, adj., yellonju, a. sg. neut. 

3 5'°' 
geond, prep., w. a., through, 

throughout, all O'ver, i5, 13 '3, 

2 6«, 345, 3917, 8 2 10, 83^0, 

8710. 
geong, adj., young, 142, 40^4, 

87«; f. 731 i comp. gingra, 

9i'3 i n. pi. 8720. 
geongan, v. gongan. 
geopan, 11, take into oneself, 

snvallo^w, pret. i sg, 23^. 
georn, adj., eager, w. g. 3116. 
georne, adv., eagerly, zeal- 
ously, 42. 
gerScan, wi, reach, arrive^ 

pres. I sg. 15275 3 sg. 358. 
geren, n. , ornament, n. pi. 

2615. 
gereord, n. , speech, 'voice, d. 

pi. i4'6. 
gerum, n., space, on gerum, 

into space, at large, 20^^ 
geruma, m. -wk.., place, station, 

d, sg. 1 5 '6. 
geryde, adj., ready, convenient, 

6316, 

geryhte, n., direction, straight 
direction, a. pi. on geryhtu 
straight, 355. 



ISO 



^lo0sfar^ 



geryman, wi, clear, open out, 

pres. I sg, 6x^. 
gesselig, adj., happy, ^o^"*. 
gesceaft, f. n., creature, n. pL 

3^2 ; g. 40»«. 

(2) condition of life, nature, 

a. sg. 33«. 
gesceap, n., creature, fate, na- 
ture, a. sg. 38'* (see note)} d, 

72^ ; n. pi. io7, 3924 J a. 69"^. 
gesceppan, vi, make, fashion, 

create, pret. 3 sg. 236, 87^7^ 
gescyldre, f. pi. shoulders, d. 

4010^ 69I 
gesecan, wi, i^^^, i^/Vi/, 39S, 

5915. 
gesecgan, W3, say, 4'2, 39285 

pret. 3 sg, 3 85 5 infl. infin. 

3612, 3925. 
geselda, m. wk., comrade, 792, 
geseon, v. contr., see, pret. i 

sg- 29s 34S 36s 37S 38', 

56', 'o, 67'6, 68S 74S 75^ 
gesettan, wi, j^/, establish, 

pret, 3 sg. 6'. 
gesibb, 2id].,akin, related, a. pi. 

m. 1522 J g. 2622. 
gesihS, f., jz^/^/, a. sg, 599. 
gesiS, m., companion, n. pi, 

30S. 
gesom, adj., united, n. pi. 8729. 
gest, V. gaest. 
^estillan, wi, set at rest, quiet, 

pres. 3 sg. 335. 



gestreon, n., ivealth, posses- 
sions, g. pi. 2o3i, 28^. 

gestun, n,, noise, commotion, 
Hvhirl'vuind, d. sg. 356, 

gesund, adj , sound, safe, sane, 
n, pi. 43*^, 2221 J comp. n. pi. 
2 6 '9. 

gesweostor, f, pi., sisters, n. 
pi. 463. 

gesweotolian, wa, shonv, de- 
clare, pret, ptc. 8323. 

geswican, i, lea've off, desist, 
w. g. pres. 3 sg. 27'2j 3 pi. 
1 1 10. 

gesyne, adj., ^visible, e'vident, 
manifest, 393, n. pi. 13'*. 

getsese, adj., mild, soothing, 
n. sg. f. 8327. 

getenge, adj., near to, resting 
upon, w. d. 7^, 10'*, 525, 569, 
8325 } a. sg. f. 762 J a. pi. 
neut. 63. 

getreowe, z.d}., faithful, g. pi, 
2623. 

geSencan, wi, refect upon, 
infl. infin. 41^. 

geSeon, wi, oppress, tame, sub- 
due, 4o9^ 

geSrsec, n., press, tumult, crash, 
^violence, 22^5 a. sg. 22, 361 5 
a. pi. 356. 

geSring, n., press, tumult, 327. 

geSringan, ivi,siMell, pret. ptc. 
a, sg. f, 862. 



<5lofi^0ari? 



151 



geSuren, v. Sweran. 
geSwaere, adj., harmonious^ 

obedient^ gentle y 2 '5, 50*^. 
geSywan, wi, fashion^ pressy 

pret. 3 pi. ge^^'ydan, 60''*. 
gewaede, gewede, n., gar- 

menty a. sg. 35'S '4. (j, pi, 

geweald, n. f., poivery a. sg, 
27"^ ;d. 3'6. 

geweaxan, rd., groiVy pret, 3 
sg. 796. 

gewendan, wi, iurny change. 
(2) go, 873^ 

geweorSan, in, becomey 4o'*3. 

gev/in(n), n., battby strife, g. 
16'^ j on gewin,ybr strifey 20', 
232. 

gewit, n., ivity under standingy 
a. sg. 39'3. 

gewitan,prp., knonvy pret. 3 sg. 
29''*. 

gewitan, lydepart^goforthy freq. 
constr. with another verb of 
motion, feran, tredan, secan, 
etc., in infin. ; sometimes also 
w. refl. pron. (29'°) 5 pres. i 
sg. 2', 360, 162 ; 3 sg. 396; 



pret. 3 sg. 2 9i< 



9i< 



pi. 13-. 
gewrit, n., ^writing, booky n. pi. 

39S >^- 
gewunian, w2, ^xv^//, pret. 
1 sg. 6o2. 



gied, n., jo»^, a. sg. 473 ; g. 

SS'**; d. 79'o. 
giefan, v, gt^vey pres. 3 sg, 

4o'9 J pret. 3 sg. 20^*, ^3^ 

87-. 
gieldan, iii, /)<«);, pres. 3 sg. 

32-. 
giellan, in, j^//, scream, pres. i 

sg. 243 ; pres. ptc. 32'*. 
gielpan, in, boast of, glory iny 

w. d. pres. 3 sg. 5 8 '2. 
glen, V. gen. 

gierwan, gyrwan, wi, pre- 
pare, adorny pres. 3 sg. 20^ j 

pret. 3 sg. 2 6 '3 J pret. ptc, 

202, 28', 293, 362, 67'7, 682, 

?7i'6. 
giest, V. gaest. 
giestron, adv., yesterday, 4o'*l 
gif, conj., //, 329,54^ 123^ etc. 
gifen, n., the seay 2^. 
gifre, adj., usefuly salutary, 

2628 J d. pi. 49^. 
gifre, adj., greedy y njoraciouSy 

sup. adv. 8329. 
gifu, geofu, i.ygifty d. pi. 5 8 '3 J 

geofum, 83^6. 
gimm, m., gemy jeavely d. pi. 

8336. 
gingra, v. geong. 
gitsian, W2, desire, cra^ve for, 

w, g. pres. 3 sg. 58". 
glaed, adj., glady happy y 63^ ; 

f. 247. 



152 



^lo00ai:^ 



gleaw, adj., cle'ver, skilled^ 

luise^ 3 3^"*, 35'^, 83^2 . n, pi. 

48^; a. 592jcomp. n. sg. 476. 
gled, f., glede^ fire^ 30^. 
gleowstol, m., seat of joy y a. 

sg. 9113. 
glida, m. wk., kite^ g. sg. 24^. 
gliwian, wi, delight^ adorn^ 

w. d. pret. 3 pi. 26"^. 
God, m., Gody 4021 5 a. sg. 59^* j 

g. 59^5. d. 488. 
god, good, adj., goody 79'° ; a. 

sg. m. 443 ; n. pi. m. 54" j 

g. 2622. 
god, n., goody njoell-heingy a. pi. 

936. 
godlic, adj.,^oo^/y, 86^. 
godwebb, n., precious <wehy 

a. 3510. 
gold, r\.y goldy 90^*} a. sg. 20^, 

5i7, 553, 706; g. 4o46, 486, 

59'° i d. 142, 26i3, 496, 633, 

67^7. 

goldhilted, adj., golden-hilted, 

55'^. 
goma, m. wk., palate y gumsy 

d. sg. 40^8 ; a. pL 496. 
gong, m., coursey movement y d. 

sg. 4o72. 
gongan, geongan, gangan, 

rd., gOy nxjalky 31^, 54', 85' ; 

pres. I sg. 212 J 3 sg. 343, 

3923 ; pres. opt. 3 sg. 3 6 '3 J 

pres. ptc. d. sg. f. 21 9. 



gop, m. {Sltt. X€7.), starve (?), g. 

sg. 493. 
gor, n., dirty dungy g. sg. 4072, 
gos, f., goosey 243. 
grsedan, rd., rry, 242. 
gr^dig, adj.,^r^^^, a. sg. 382 } 

sup. adv. 8329, 
graes, n.ygrassy a. sg, 156. 
grafan, vi, digy pres. i sg. 212 j 

pret. 3 sg. 336, 9 1 10. 
grapian, W2, take hold ofy snatch 

aty pret. 3 sg. 453. 
great, adj., stouty thicky ?8i2. 
grene, adj., green, 2i9j wk. 



4o'S 



a. sg. neut. 



n. pL 66^ ; a. 122, 
greot, m., ground, dust, earth, 

d. sg., 32! 
gretan, wi, approach, ^isit, 46, 

44^ ?885. 
grim, grym, adj., grim, cruel, 

dreadful, wk. 432 ; a. sg. 

wk. 330 J sup. d. (i.) sg. wk. 

283. 

grima, m. wk., phantom, spec- 
tre, 40 '7. 

grimman, in, rage, roar, pres. 
3 sg. 2^. 

grimme, adv. cruelly, fiercely, 
5o9, 833. 

grindan, iii, grind, 32I 

gripan, i, sei%,ey take hold of 
pres. 3 sg. 257 J pret. 3 sg. 
(witho«), 86^^. 



6lofi?0ar^ 



153 



gripe, m., grip, grasp, d. sg. 

70^. 
grom, adj., angry, hostile, cruel, 

n. pi. 72-^ j g. 20'9. 
gromheort, adj., cruel-hearted, 



d. 



sg. 4^ 



growan, rd., groiju, 34^. 
grund, m., ground, a. sg. 1^, 

4o93 . d. 2i2, 22i5, 833 J d. 

pi. 665. 
grundbedd, n., ground, a. sg. 

8329. 
grym, v. grim, 
grymetian, W2, rage, roar, 

pres. 3 sg. 833. 
gryrelic, zd]., horrible, 33^. 
guma, m. wk., man, n. pi. 

321^ 487, 633 ; g. 23IO, 283, 

826 
gumcynn, n., mankind, g. sg. 

8720. 
gumrinc, m., man, 861 
gu3, f. , 'war, battle, a. sg. 

2025 ; d. 20'9. 

guSfugol, m., nvar-bird, g. sg. 
245. 

guSgemot, n., battle-meeting, 
g. sg. 1526. 

guSgewinn, n., battle, ovar- 
ii ke contest, g. sg. 5^. 

guSwiga, m. wk., ivarrior, g. 
sg. 90^. 

gylden, adj., golden^ a. sg. m. 
59'- 



gyman, wi, heed, w. g. pres. 

I sg. 2o35. 

gyrdan, wi, gird, encircle, 

pret. ptc. 89'*. 
gyrdels, m., girdle, a. sg. 54^^ j 

d. 54". 
gyrn, m., sorronv, 15^; d. sg. 

826. 
gyrwan, v. gierwan. 



habban, W3, ha've, hold, 3^^, 
202S, 935 J pres. I sg. I", 
182, 218, 796, 802, 82'=, 9125 . 
haRi, 112, 355, 4o98i 3 sg. 

3i"S 34S 39^ '°''"-, 44^ 
587, 653,678,693, 832} 3 pi. 
262', 3ii5, 5511 ; pret. i sg. 
106, 26S, 7112^ 735 J 3sg. 9", 

I9^ 31^ 32^ 36^^ 37^ 7^^^ 

853, 86'; 3 pi. 133, 223 J 

pres. ptc. g. sg. 643. 

w. neg, pref. pret. 3 sg. 

naefde, 32^. 
had, m., person, form, a. pi. i'*. 
haeft, n., bondage, captinjity, d. 

sg. 7222. 
haeftan, wi, imprison, confine, 

pret. ptc. 42. 
haeftnyd, f., imprisonment, a. 

sg. 829. 

haegl, haegel, m., hail, 8o9. 
(2) the rune H, n. pi. 42' 



154 



^lo00ar^ 



hsegstealdmon, V. .hagosteald- 
mon. 

Hselend, m., the Sa'vioury a, sg. 
596. 

haeleS, m., man, herOy ivarriory 
2612, 6265 n. pi. haele^, 27^, 
55S 56" 5 g- IS 3^» 7^ 2o3i, 
40965 d. 8-0,2628, 3512, 481, 
_59'8, 696, 8322, 35, 53. 

haelo, f., nvelfarCy sal'vatioriy 
a. sg. 48^. 

hSmed, n., marriagiy inter- 
course y a. sg. 2028, 

h^medlac, n., intercoursey g, 
_sg. 423. 

haer, n., v. her. 

haetsan, wi, dri'vey urge, pres. 
3 sg. 35. 

hafoc, m., haivky 24^, 40^7, 

hafu, see habban. 

hagosteald, n., celibacy, bach- 
elor hoody d. sg. 2o3i. 

hagostealdmon, haegsteald- 
mon, m., dnveller in the 
homesteady bachelory youthy 

I4S 54^- 
halig, adj., holyy 2628. 
hals, heals, m., necky throaty 

15', d. sg. 3121, 7112. 
halsrefeSer, f., ^ow«, d. sg. 

4080, 
halswriSa, m. wk., neck-bandy 

a. sg. 44. 
\5ni, m., homey d. sg. to ("Sam) 



ham, homenvardsy 29'*, 9, 344. 
set ham, at homey 43^, 77S. 

hamleas, adj., homeless y 39^. 

hangelle, f. wk. {&ir. \ey.)y hang- 
ing thingy g. sg. 446. 

har, adj., hoary greyy 2i3 j wk. 

4o74, 91 II. 

hasofagf, adj., tanvnyy v. hasu, 

hasu, heasu, adj., golden-grey, 
tanxinyy originally the colour 
of a wolf or eagle, a. sg. wk. 
24'^; n. pi. m. haswe, i^j a. f. 
1 39 ; for heasewe, 40^1. See 
note. [Dietrich : ^^ful'vo- 
cinereus'"'' \ "wol urspriing- 
lich wolfgrau, und adlergrau, 
jene gemischte Farbe von 
goldgelb und grau : bald 
iiberwiegt der Gedanke an 
das Goldgelbe (vgl. blond), 
bald das Grau der Mischung. ' ' 
Traut. 2 : <<Ich kann nach 
allem nur glauben, dass hasu 
* glanzend ' und * schim- 
mernd ' bedeute."] 

hat, adj., hoty wk. 43^ 5 a. sg. 
m. 62^, comp. 40^7. 

hatan, rd., commandy pres. 3 
sg. 65, 4o38 J pret. 3 sg. het, 
g9>Oj heht, 408} pret. ptc. 
61I 

(2) cally namey 35^2 j pret. 
ptc. 249 J n. pi. 42 17, 



(3) ^^ called J namedy pres. 
1 5g. hatte, I '5, 372^ g8^ I oil, 
etc. 
he, heo (hio), hit, pron. he^ she. 



aio00ar^ 155 

heafodleas, adj., headless , 14'°. 

heafodwoS, f. , head-tone, njoice, 

d. c^ S3 



34^ 



it, V 
f. 9" 
16 21 

7etc., 40 , 
67^ 682, 795 
sg. m. 329, 15 



27' 



15 

12, 20^3, 257, 3. , , 

^ ^ 367, 386, 395, 



'2, etc. J 

i3 i4 



^26 



^9 (hie), 6 1 4, 
;27, 866, 7. a. 

23'2, 50^ 'O 



5 3^5f-54S58^)neut. 374, 39^ 
40^7 ;g. sg. m. 1 5 15^ 352, 374, 
4o'3,39, 439,44.4, 6,46s 539, 
3 6 55x3, 694, 7^9; f. 96, 



54 

2o34, 31 
586, 69 

r25 



d. 



338, 3923, 566, 

m. 354, 46, 64, 

525,376,382,434,496,9,506, 

828, 846, 8730, 8 87, 9 1 -3 5 f. 



.33 



pi. n. 6^, I 



3i'S 34% 54, 



i3« 



[65, 



20'2, 226, i9, 2619, 3o7, 436, 

", 53'° i a. 2625, 576. g. 69, 
132,5, 229, .8,21, 2623, 463, 
488, 526} d. 15", 168, 437, 

^5 6 8 rT6. 

d. 



,50% °, % 5 
reflex, a. sg. m. 5 5 '5 



353, 194, 378.f. 295, 10, 3,21 5 

d. pi. 3 1 '5. 
heafod, n., /^f,3^, 151,615,89'} 

a. sg. 258, 587, 653, 8025 g. 

539} d. 2 1 '2, 4o98, 102, 446. 

a. pi. 367} g. 854. 
heafodbeorht, bright-headed, a. 

sg. m. 192. 



sg- 



hSah, adj., high, 3' 



1 9 (the 



High One), 254, 696, g 
9i3 } f. wk. 74 • neut. 32^ , 
a. sg. m. 8o2 } wk. 4o2-« } d. 
heaum, 22^9^ n. pi. m. 227} 
wk. 42^75^ a. 324 J d. i^o, comp. 
hyrra, 87^5 j neut. 4028, 92* } 
sup. hyhst, 8 3 12. 
heahcraeft, m., high art, a. sg. 

35^^. 
heahcyning, m., high king, 

4o38. 

healdan, rd., hold, maintain, 
keep, pres. i sg. 84 } 3 sg. 
20^3, 402, 5, 22 J pres. opt. I 
sg. 40375 pret. 3 sg. 95, 42^4. 

healdend, m,, holder, possessor, 

d. sg. 2023. 

healf, f., side, d. sg. 2i9, 8728. 
heall, f., hall, a. sg. 55' } d. 

55'^ 59S '^• 
heals, V. hals. 
hean, adj., abject, mean, poor, n. 

pi. 32^3 5 d. 932, comp. 39^. 
heap, m. n., heap, crDivd, flock, 

d. pi. 574. 
heard, adj., hard, 1410, 26^ 



337, 443, 62 



79' 



911 



wk. 4o54, 559, 8o9} a. 
neut. 8o4} d. sg. 895 } ^ 
4o79} n. pi. 87^35 a. 



156 



<<3lo0s!ar^ 



comp. n. sg. 40^4, 78, 8335 j 

sup. i. "wk. 282. 
hea''.de, adv., server ely, sorely ^ 

3S, 89S. 
" lar-iecg, adj., >4flr^-^^^^^, n. 

1. neut. 58. 
heasu, v. hasu. 
heaSoglem, m , battle-ixjoundy 

g. pi. 563. 
hea3or, m., restraint^ confine- 

menty d. sg. zo'^^ 653. 
heaSosigel, m., sun^ 7219. 
hebban, vi, raise^ 452 ; pres. 3 

sg. hefe^, 445 } pret. 3 sg. 

hof, 543. 
hefig, adj., hewvy^ a. sg. m. 

587, comp. 407"*. 
hell, f., hell^ the nether 'voorldy 

a. sg. 66^ ; d. 3920. 
helm, m., co<vering, protectiony 

8716, a. sg. 364. 

(2) protectiony so'veretgny a. 

sg. 2 6''7. 

helpend, m., helper y Swvioury 

495. 
helwaru, f., diveller in helly 

g- pl- 55^- 
hengest, m., horsey 22^'^. 
heofon, m., hea'ven, the sky, 
\ 922, a. sg. 4022 ; g. 4o4, 33^ 
\ 865 J d. 4o38j a. pi. 666; d. 

29", 3920. 

ofonwolcn, n., cloud of 

\'iea-vtny n. pi. 72*. 



heolfor, n., gorey 9i'7. 
heord, f, , herdyflocky g. sg. 17'. 
heoroscearp, adj., terribly 

sharpy n. pi. neut. 58. 
heorte, f. vf\<i.y hearty d. sg 42 '^j 

d. pi. 2620. 
heorugrim, adj., <very fierce, 

wk. 40^5, 
her, adv., herey 4o32, 49^ 61^ 

77«S 416,49'°, 8723 i her. . . 

asr, heretoforey before this, 

49 'O^ 

her, haer, n., hairy n. pi. 153 j 

d. 265, ^^4, 
heran, v. hyran. 
here, m., armyy g. sg. herges, 

798. 
heresiS, m., nvar-marchy cam- 
paign y d. sg. 293. 
hest, f. , njiolencey furyy a. sg. 

1528. 
hetegrim, adj., fierce njoith 

hatred y 335. 
heterun, f., charm of mischief, 

a. pi. 337. 
hie, she, 54^, v. he. 
higora, m. wk., magpiey runes 

of, 24. 
hild, f., battUy g. sg. 33^3 d. 

hildegiest, m., enemy y d. sg. 

hildepil, hyldepil, m., dart, 
ja'velin, n. pi. 176; d. 1528. 



<Slo0fl(ar^ 



157 



hildeSryS, f., strength in ivar, 

a. sg._i9l 
hildewaepen, n., battle-iveapon, 

90^. 
hindan, adv., /row behind^ be- 

hindy %%^f 895 } on hindan, 

37'. 

hindeweard, adj., hinder y be- 
hind, d. f. 2 1'^ 

hingong, m., hence-going, g. 
sg. 62^ [Ingong, i readg. 
of MS., means entree.] 

his, V. he. 

hiSan, wi. plunder, ravage, 
pres. 3 sg. 34"* j pres. ptc. n. 

sg. 33^ 91'^; g- Pl- 93^. 
hladan, vi, load, heap up, pres, 

I sg. 3^5 J pret. 3 pi. 22'° J 

pret. ptc. 832'. 
hlader, f., ladder, a. sg. 556. 
hlaest, n., burden, a. pi. i'^. 
hlaford, m., lord, master, 4^, 

2i3, is, 899; g. sg. 58135 d. 

439, 56". 
hiafordleas, adj., ^without a 

master, 20". 
hleahtor, m., laughter, 332. 
hleo, n., co'ver, shelter, a. sg. 

275, 
hleobord, n., protecting board, 

d. pi. 2612. 
hleor, n., cheek, d. pi. 15'*. 
hleortorht, adj., "with bright 

cheeks, 69^. 



hleosceorp,/)ro/^<://«^ garment. 



d. 



sg. 9- 



hleoSor, n., sound, 'voice, song, 
_3i'7 5a. sg. 24S; d. Z\ i^\ 

hlifian, W2, tonver, stand erect, 
53'} pres. 3 pi. 15^. 

hlimman, in, sound, roar, pres. 

3 sg. 2^ 3 5^- 
hlin, m., maple, 559. 
hlin, m., noise, i^. 
hlinc, m., hill, a. pi. 32'*. 
hlinsian, W2, sound, resound, 

pret. 3 sg. 333. 
hliS, n., j/o/)^, hill, cliff, a. pi. 

hleo"5a, 2^ 5 hli^o, 91 7. 
hloSgecrod, n., press of troops, 

-63, 

hlud, adj , loud, noisy, 3^^, 84' j 

sup. 340. 
hlude, adv., loudly, 2^, 362^ 77, 

8^ '°, 33^ 48^ 57^^. 
hluttor, adj., clear, bright, a. sg. 

m. 2 ©7. 
hnecca, m. wk., neck, a. sg. 

Sol 
hnesc, adj., /<?«i^r, soft, delicate, 

compc 40^0. 
hnigan, i, bend, incline, descend, 

pres. I sg. 3^3 J pres. ptc. n. 

pi. m. 8«. 
hnitan, i, strike, touch, 89^. 
hnossian, W2, beat, strike, pres. 

3 Pl- 57. 
hoi, n., hole, a. sg. 44^ j d. 627, 



158 



aio00ar^ 



hold, adj., kind, gracious, faitk- 
/«/, 94j d.sg. 6il 

holdlice, a.dv., graciously, faith- 
fully, sedulously, 34^^. 

holen, m., /lolly, 55'°. 

holm, m., the sea, nvater, a, sg. 
369; d. 1^°. 

holmmaegen, n., ocean, d. sg. 

29. 

holt, n., forest, ivood, g. sg.ai^ ; 
d. 90' ; n. pi. 87'5. 
(2) log or beam, a. sg, 562. 
homer, m., hammer, d. sg. 89^5 

hond, f., hand, 60^2 . a. sg. 
1212, 493, 794; g. pl. 85S} 

d. 30^ 45^ 54^- 
hondweorc, n., hand-work, a. 

sg. 20^ j n. pl. 5**. 
hondwyrm, m., handnvorm, 

a worm that attacks the hand, 

4o96, 662. 
hongian, W2, hang, pres. i sg. 

hongige, 14" ; 3 sg. 21", 

44' 5 pret. 3 pl- ^S^- 
hSpgehnast, n., dashing of 

'Tva'ves, g. sg. 3^7. 
hord, n., treasure, a. sg. 3121, 

53IX, 9i26.g. 899,g. pl. Il9j 
d. 8322, ?8 352. 

hordgeat, n., door of the treas- 
ure-room, g. sg. hordgates, 
42". 

horn, n., horn, d. pl. 292. 



hornssel, n. , gabled hall, or a 
hall ivith horns on its gable 
(see 8723), n. pl. hornsalu, 

hors, n., horse, 36^ j g. sg. 36'°^ 

a pl. 22'o, 
horse, adj., ready-<voitted, 

cle'uer, i^. 
hraed, hraeS, adj. , swift, active, 

53" j comp. hrasdra, 40^2. 
hraegl, n., dress, 7% ii^ 139; 

a. sg. 444, 544; d. io7, 454, 

626. 
hreddan, wi, sa-ve, rescue, 

i4'«. 
hreoh, adj., rough, nvild, 832. 
hreoSan, 11, adorn, pret. ptc. 

gehroden, 8322. 
hreran, wi, mo<ve, stir, pres. 

I sg. i«j hrcru, 38; 3 sg. 

8o7 } pres. opt. pl. .'8351, 
hreSe, adj., fierce, zealous, 

comp. 4o7i. 
hreSer, m., breast, d. sg. 61 5, 

9i'7. 
hrif, f., stomach, ivomb, a. sg. 

4o45 ; d. 176, 2 3 12, ?8 35x. 
hrim, m,, rime, frost, 40^5, 

8o9. 
hrimigheard, adj. , hard-frozen, 

a. pl. m. 91". 
hrinan, i, touch, reach, w. d. 

pres. I sg. 64, 66^ ; hrino, 

1528} 3 sg. 8346; pret. I sg. 



^los^^ar^ 



159 



39% 3 sg. 39^° i vv. a. pres. 
3 sg. 23'^- 
hrindan, 111, pushy pressy pret. 

3 sg. 54**- 
bring, m. , r/V/^, 48^, 5965 a. 

48', 59' 5 g- 59'^ J- 9°^ a- 

pi. 20^^ 5 d. 70^, 89"* } hrin- 

gan, 42. 
hrisil, m., shuttlcy 357. 
hrof, m., roq/j a. sg. 29^, 52^ ; 

g. 275 ; d. pi. i7; (2) sum- 
mit y a. sg. 1527. 
hror, adj., lusty y 'vigorouSy 54^. 
hrung, f. , rung [of a cart\ 

perh. the pole supporting the 

cover, a. sg. 221°. 
hrQse, f. \vk., earthy 36, 722 ; a. 

sg. 29, 71, 27" i d. 4o55, 

8335, ?8 3^6. 
hrutan, 11, re sound y ^whirry 

pres. ptc. 357. 
hrycg, m., backy a. sg. 3^^^ 

21", 8o4, 855 i d. I '2, 36^ 
_i9^ ^7", 36^ ; d. pi. 333. 
hu, adv.,^oai;, ii^^ 176, 3119^ 

36-3, 3923, 4216, 5917, 6o'2, 

838,55. 
hund,num., hunciredy w. g. 85'*. 
hund, m., dogy 242- g. sg. 

36'°. 
hunger, m., hunger y 433. 
hunig, n., honey, d. sg. 40^9. 
huS, i.yplundery a. sg. 292, 4^ 9^ 
hwa, hwaet, interrog. pron., 



nvhoF nxjhat ? 12, i4^ 2i3^ ^35^ 
73,74^ 827;neut. 372, 8^, 10", 

199, 2316, 28.3, 3124^ 35,4^ 

367, 4i9^ 6i9^ 6315. 
hwael, m., nvhaky 4o92. 
hwselmere, \w.y^^ nxihalemerey'"' 

the sea, 2^. 
hwser, adv., ^where, 8726. 
hwaet, adj., 'vigorouSy boldy 

comp. n. pi. 2620. 
hwaeSre, conj., honjoe'very ne'v- 

erthelesSy 3^^ 2 2 '7, 318, 9^ 1 7^ 

3 9'^> 54^» 58^ j hwas'Sre se 

"Seah, ne'verthelessy 35**. 
hwearft, m., circuity expanse^ 

d. sg. 4o33. 
hweorfan, iii, /«r», changey 

mo^ey pres. 3 sg. 40^ ; 3 pi. 

43 '2 ; pres. ptc. 553. 

(2) roam, 2022, 323^ 3^9^ 
hwettan, wi, njohety urgey ex- 
cite y pres. I sg. 1 1.3 
hwil, f., a ivhiley space of time y 

a. sg. 2 89. 

d. pi. advbl. hwilum, some- 

times, 2% 3 1, i7j etc. 
hwit, adj., ivhitey 15' } n. pi. 

f. 108 J a. pi. m. 4o98. 
hwitloc, hwltlocced, adj., 

ijuhite-lockedy fair-hairedy 

423 ; n. sg. f. 794. ^ 
hwonne, adv. w. subjve., until, 

I 5 «o ; hwonne ser, honv soon, 

ijohen, 3 1 '2. 



i6o 



^losf^ar^ 



hwylc, pron. interrog. , luhich ? 
ivho? w. g. pi. i^ 

(2) indef. anyone^ w. g. pi. 
aoi9^ 6719 J =siquis, 42". 

hwylc senig, ««y, d. sg. 23^°. 

hwyrfan, wi, turrit mo^ve about ^ 
pres. 3 sg. hwyrfetS, 12^2, 

hTvyrftweg, m., ^way backy es- 
cape, g. sg. 36. 

hycgan, W3, think, meditate, 
infl. infin. 28", 3123, 

hyd, f., hide, skin, a. sg. 76^ ; 
d. 2612. 

hygebliSe, blithe of heart, comp. 
n. pi. wk. 2620. 

hygecraeftig, adj., nvise, saga- 
cious, i^ 

hygefaest, adj., ou/V^, a. pi. m. 
42^1 

hygegal, adj., light-minded, 
ivanton, a. sg. f wk. iz^^. 

hygeSonc, m., thought, d. pi. 

hygewlonc, zd]. , proud-minded, 

f. 454 J a. sg. m. 192. 
hyhst, V. heah. 
hyht, m., hope, Joy, 64^, 93?} 

d. sg. 2 5^ 
hyhtlic, adj., joyful, n., 90S ; 

a. sg. n. 3 5 '2. 
hyhtplega, m. wk., sport, g. 

sg. 2028. 
hyldepil, v, hildepil. 
hyll, m., hill, g. sg. 1527. 



hyran, heran, wi, hear. 

(2) obey, w. d., 334, 42, 

2315 J pres. I sg. 2 ©24} 3 sg. 

43^ 50S, 58^^. 
hyrde, m., keeper, herdsman, 

a. sg. 899 ; d. 7 1 10. 
hyred, m., congregation, d. sg. 

hyrra, v. heah. 

hyrst, m,, hurst, coppice, ivood, 

d. pi. 4061. 
hyrst, f., ornaments, trappings y 

n. pi. 74, 108, III } d. 1411^ 

3120, 537, 871S. 
hyrstan, wi, adorn, pret. ptc. 

708. 
hyse, m., youth, 54'. 



Ic, pron., I, i3, 8^ etc.; a. sg. 
mec. 1 2, i4^ etc.; g. mm, 
2618, 354; d. rne, i^^, 3^, 
etc.; n. dual, wit, 63^, 84^, 
%r\ ^S 3'} a. unc, 847, 
8715^ i7 . g^ uncer, 87205 d. 
unc, 6o'5, 6 3 16, 842, 8 7 18, 
?7i3, n. pi. we, 3 6 '2, 4o73, 
416,7, 7,3. 
d. 4216, 545. 

ides, f., nvoman, 612 ; a. sg. 

in, prep. w. d., in, 8^, etc.; 
following its case, 84^; w. a. 
into, 156. 



^loflffifart? 



i6i 



in, adv., in, 3a". 

indryhten, adj., noble, 93' ; a. 
sg. m. 43'. 

ingeSonc, m., inivard thought, 
^wit, 60 '3. 

innan, adv., /;;, nvithin, 17^^ 
87^2. in innan, inside, 9^, 2 8 7. 

innanweard, adj., internal, a. 
sg. m. 91 '5. 

inna3, m., stomach, nvomb, in- 
side, 179, a. sg. 37^; d. 352. 

insittende, m., one nvho sits 
nvithin, g. pi. 46^. 

isern, n., iron, 71'"*, 91^5 j g. 

sg. 589; d. ^r. 

iu, adv., once, formerly, 70^. 
iw, m., yeiv, 55^. 



lac, n., gift, d. pi. 493. 
lacan, rd., play, dance, 31 '9^ 

pres. 1 sg. 30' ; pret. 3 sg. 

leolc, 56^. 
liececynn, n., leech-kin, tribe 

of doctors, a. sg. 51°. 
l«dan, wi, lead, bring, 292, 

pret. ptc. 28^. 
laran, wi, teach, pret. 3 sg. 

4o34. 

las, adv., comp. of lyt, less, 
_9". 
laessa, adj., comp. of lytel, 

less, neut. 4o95, 5 52. 
latan, rd., let, alloiv, prcs. 1 



sg. 3^^} 3 sg. 3^^; ^o'^ 34^ 
50'°; 3 pi. 346; pres. opt. 3 
sg. 3^8 J pret. 3 pi. 13'°. 

laf, f., remnant, <what is left, 
7o3, a. sg. 5610, 8910; feole, 
homera, etc. , laf, leadings of 
the file, of hammers, etc. (a 
usual kenning for sword or ar- 
mour), n. pi. 57. 

lagu, m., sea, ivater, 3"; a. 
sg. 22 »6. 

lagufaeSm, m., <watery embrace, 
d. sg. 6o7. 

lagoflod, m., ivater-flood, a. 
sg. 58^2. 

lagustream, m., nuater-streamy 
g. pi. 338. 

land, V. lond. 

lang, V. long. 

lar, f., lore, teaching, guidance ^ 
d. pi. 3922. 

lareovsr, m., teacher, 6 7 '3. 

last, m., footstep, track, a. sg., 
321 ; d. 398, 7i'3 . n. pi. 5x2; 
a. 93" ; on last, on laste, be- 
hind, 321, 1311. 

latteow, m., leader, guide, 2". 

laS, adj., hateful, hostile, comp. 
g. sg. 5'°. 

laSgewinna, m. wk,, hated op- 
ponent, d. pi. 1529. 

laSian, wa, in'vite, summon, 
pres. I sg. 141'^. 

lead, n., lead, g. sg. 4o75. 



1 62 



^Slosf^ar^ 



leaf, f., leafy foliage, d. pi. 5610. 
leanian, wz, reivardy requite, 

pres. 3 sg. 50^. 
lecgan, wi, lay, pres. 3 sg. 

79^^ j pret. 3 sg. 31"^, zo^o. 
leg, V. lig. 
lengan, wi, lengthen, prolong, 

pres. 3 sg. 28^. 
lengra, v. long, 
leode, pi., people, g. pi. 6712. 
leof, adj., beloved, dear, 20^, 

4027, 34^ 7^2^ 3^27^ comp. 

926. 
leofian, v. lifgan. 
leoht, n., light, 92^, d. sg. 

2717, 63". 
leoht, adj., light (opp. to 

heavy), comp. neut. 40^^, 

?926. 

leoht, adj., light (opp. to dark), 

bright, d. sg. wk. 40^7, comp. 

neut. 662. 
leohtlic, adj., shining, bright, 

a. sg. neut. 29^. 
leolc, V. lacan. 
leoma, m. wk., gleam, light, 

ray, d. sg. 40^7. 
libban, W2, live, pres. 3 sg. 

leofa«, 3927. 
lie, n., body, a, sg. 65'^ ; d. lo^. 
pres. 



licgan, v., lie, 13", 141 



49 



3 sg. 40 
lif, n., life, d. sg. 5o9, 58^^ 
82^, 8910. 



lifgan, lifian, leofian, wi, a, 

live, 3 9 22 J 40^4, 416^ dl^'^ \ 
pres. I sg. 846; 3 sg. 3927. 
pret. 3 sg. lifde, 40io7j p^es. 



ptc. 



2^4^ 2 89. 



lift, V. lyft. 

lig, \n., flame, fire, 30^, d. sg. 

344, 4o57. 

lilie, f., lily, 4027. 

lim, n., limb, 47, a. sg. 3927. 

line, f. wk., line, roiv, d. sg. 

42 10. 
liss, f., kindness, favour, joy, 

d. pi. 2625, 3313^ ^o9. 
list, f., skill, art, d. sg. 27^ j 

d. pi. 293. 
lis, n., limb, a. pi. leo^o, 237. 
liSan, I, go, travel, vuander, 

3 3 1, pres. ptc. d. sg. lo^, 

pret. ptc. n. sg. f. up liden, 

grovon up, 33". 
locc, m., lock {of hair), n. pi. 

40 104 ; a. 4o98. 
lof, n., praise, g. sg. 20". 
lond, land, n., land, country, 

ground (opp. to air), a. sg. 

I2'4, 13II J d. 3", 64^ 22'2, 

3 3^ 56^; g. pi. 3 3'^- 
londbuend, m., dvjeller in the 

land, g. pi. 93". 
long, lang, adj. long, 3922 ; a. 



sg. 



f. 



comp. n. 23' 



longe, adv., long, a long time, 
1529, 408, 6713. 



^Io0fi;arp 



163 



osian, W2, escape^ gutty w. d. 
2" J pres. 3 sg. iz^. 

ufe, f. wk., lo^e, g. sg. 2625. 

ufian, W2, Io^z>e, pres. 3 pi. 93^. 

ust, m., pleasure, a. sg. 71^. 

yft, lift, f., air, 3-, 74, ,o9, 
5 7' 5 g- sg. 3^^i d. 2216, 274^ 
40^', SI"** 56^ 5812, 83^0. 

yftfaet, n., aerial 'vessel, 29^. 

yt, adv. little, 6o7. 
jytel, adj., little, wk. 40^6; a. 
neut. 58^ J a. pi. f. 57'. 

M. 

na, compar. adv., used as in- 
decl. neut. w. gen. morCy 1 8^, 
6o'6 ; a. 2621. 
naecg, m., man, n. pi. 50^, 
naeg, prp., / can, pres. i sg. 

2 10, 15'"^, l8S 4062, 64^ 66^ 
425, 55?^ 6310 ; 3 Sg. 318, 
40 
83 



[6 20 69 9o 

J > » > 

6 16 



43S 58^ 59'^ 
pi. 416, 8342 J opt. 2 

sg. 39^^ 5 3 sg. iS 4'S 31'^} 
pret. 1 Sg. 5", 9'o, 9119 J 3 

Sg. 296, 40^3, 67 J J pi, 22^. 

naeg^, m., kinsman, son, 312^, 

n. pi. 87175 d. 3123. 
nagburg, i., family, 202°, a. 

Sg. 1520. 
naegen, n., w<2i«, might, 2 2^3^ 

838, 23, 55, a. sg. 539, 82", 

(?) 8332 id. 23'3, 27.4, 4o95, 

8320. 



maegenrof, adj., qjery strong, 

wk. 373. 
maegenstrong, adj., strong of 

main, 8 63. 
maegenSise, f. wk., strength, 

d. sg. 27'°. 
maeg6, maegeS, f., maid, n. pi. 

So7 ; g. i4«, 339. 
mael, n., mark (2) time, g. pi. 

816. 
raaeldan, meldan, wi, meldian, 
W2, announce, declare, 182, 
2812 J pret. I sg. 7 1 16. 
maenan, wi, tell of, relate, pres. 
1 sg. 6i9; 3 sg. 2oiij pret. 
opt. 3 pi. 6oi7. 
mseran, wi, celebrate, pres. opt. 

3 pi. 2616. 
mare, adj., celebrated j great, 
2627, 4o45, 831'i g. pi. 8345 
d. 8718. 
marS, i.,fame, glory, (?), 72. 
maest, v. micel. 
maeSel, n., assembly, council, d. 

^g. 852. 
maew, m., sea-gull^ g. sg. 246. 
mage, f. wk., kins'TJooman, g. 

sg- 43'^- 
magorinc, m., man, nvarrior, 

n. pi, 22^. 
mandrinc, m., fatal draught, 

a. sg. 2 3 '3. 
manian, W2, admonish, pret. 

ptc. 366. 



164 



&\o&sim 



mara, V. micel. 

maSelian, w2, say, telly pret. 3 

sg. 385. 
maSm, m., treasure y 5 5 '3. 
meaht, f., might, po^er, 832^ j 

d. pi. I'o, 366, 138^ 4o9o. 
meahtig, adj., mighty y 40 12. 
meahtlice, adv., mightily y 

comp. 40^2. 
mearc, f., marky march y border y 

territory y a. sg. 14^. 
mearclond, n., horder-landy 

sea-coasty d. sg. 323. 
mearcpaeS, m., pathy path 

across marches y a. pi. 71". 
medwis, adj., half-ivittedy dully 

d. sg. m. 4^0. 
meldan, v. mseldan. 
mengo, f. indecl., cro^wdy mul- 
titude, a. sg. (?) 833^^ J d. 

20". 
meodu, m., meady a. sg. 20^2. 
meodusetl, n., mead-seat y a. pi. 

6o9. 
Meotud, m., Gody the Creator y 

354, 87'7;g. sg. 83'^ 
meowle, f. wk., maiden, 4^, 

257, 611. 
mere, m., seay lakey a. sg. 

22S, 
merefaroS, m., sea-shore, d. sg. 

602. 
merehengest, m., sea-horse, 

ship, 146. 



merestream, m., ivater 

a. pi. 669. 
mesan, -wiyfeasty eaty 40^2, 
micel, adj., greaty muchy i^°^\ 

2812, 3123 . ^i^^^ ^_o92 } a. sg.j 

f. 861 ; neut. 37^, 86^ j i. 3^5/ 

6x, 394, 4023,4., 74,76, 80 J d, 

pi. 392 (many) j comp. maraa 

greater, 40^2, io5. £ 174. 

neut. 66' ; 

maest, 339. 
miclian, W2, increasey pret. ptci 

8323 J f. 2020. 
mid, prep. w. d., <TJuith (ac- 

compt.), 56, 66, 1 59, 461, etc. ; 

instrl. 5 12, 6^^, 26 '3, 27^^, 282,3,' 

30', 2, 4013, i4, 3o^ 

5o7, 5412, 633, 6610. 
mid, adv., included y as ivell,^\ 

132, 22^8, 46^. 

middangeard, m., mid-dnvelU 

ingy the earthy 'world y 31'y 

321, 40^3, 66^ J a. sg. 39^9; 

4012, 66^5 g. 82". 
midde, f. wk., middle, d. 

329, d. pi. 8o5. 
midddelniht, f., midnight, d.l 

pi. 897. 
midwist, f., presence, a. sg. 

938. 
milts, f., gentleness y favour, d. 

sg. 308. 
min, poss. adj., my, 2'^, 3% 6^, 

etc.; f., 71^^, 79^, ^°, neut. 82'. 



<5lo8!sar? 



165 



8721, 891 ; a. sg. m. 148, 60^, 
8 2 '4 J f. 8^ 1520, 241, 9120^ 
938, neut. 43, «!, 216, 258, 

653, 76S, 827, 5126. g. ni. 
366,728, 896,-f. I7S 5,40-»5; 
neut. i8% 2510 ; d. m. 4', 9 j 
202, 21, 26, 56", 602, 706, 
772, 792 ; f. 8", i4'8, 2710, 
4030, neut. 40^5, 726 J n. pi. 
f. 7^, 6, 108, neut. 40" ; a. 

J^' I5'^> 93'S f- ^I^> 20'2, 

654, 725,28, 9313. d. 15". 
nislic, adj., variousj 838, 55. 
nislice, adv., 'variously y 2812. 
nissenlic, adj., ^various^ d. pi. 

31S 321. 
nissenlice, adv., 'variously y 

67^5. 

niSan, i, concealy 631°, 8 2 12. 
(2) refrain frorriy hold backy 

w. d. pres. i sg. 8'*. 
mod, n,, moody mindy spirit, a. 

sg. 665 g. 2714 ; d. 116, 4217, 

8334, 852 }d. pi. 592. 
tnodor, moddor, f., mother y 92, 

339,412, 833, 2o.g. sg. 4045, 

43^1 
niod5rea,m. wk., /<?rror of mindy 

panic y 3^0. 
modwlonc, adj., proud-mindedy 

haughty y f. 27^. 
m6d}'= modwynn, f., hearfs 

de light y a. sg. 897. 
mon,man,m.,;w<2«, 2i2,36'*,373, 



385, 43,4, 8334. g. sg. 36'*^ 
59'^; d. 4'o, 2813 ; n. pi. 2' 
17", 39S 54", 671S, i7, 937 
a. 124,5925 g. 3S0, 22', 6o4 
71 16, 754, 8212, 9313 . d. I 82, 
308, 39'2, 40^5. 

(2) as indef. pron. one (like 
Germ, man), 35'!, 40^6. 

mona, m. wk., moony 66^. 

money nn, n., mankind, d. sg. 
329, 392, 4027. 

mondryhten, m., mastery 
princey d. sg. 5 5 '3, 58^. 

monig, adj., manyy n. pi. 308, 

656; g. 66; d. 3919, 938. 

agreeing with noun in pi., n. 

pi. 852; g. 412, 834; d. 8S 

586. 
monna, m. wk., many a. sg. 65^. 
mor, m., moory a. pi. 71". 
mot, prep., / may, pres. i sg. 3^5, 

73, 1520,2027, 828;3sg. 3920J 

3 pi. 1 69, 40103 J pres. opt. i 

sg. 2022 ; 3 sg. 3 1 13; pret. 

I sg. 4o35, 100. 3 sg. 5313. 
moSSe, f. wk., mothy 47 ^ 
mundbora, m. wk., protector, 

171. 
mundrof, adj., strong of hand, 

863. 
mu3, m., mouthy 329 ; a. sg. 8% 

1711, 182, 39'2, 678, 764; d. 

246, 634; d. pi. 138. 
muSleas, adj., mouthless, 609. 



1 66 



iSfio&^m 



N. 
na, 368 = no. 
naca, m. wk,, boat, 58^. 
naefde, 32S ; v. habban. 
nsefre, adv. = ne aefre, ne'ver, 

510, 3^7, 20^ ^ii6^ 8730. 

naegledbord, adj., ^with nailed 

planks, 585. 
naeglian, wi, 2, nail, rinjet, 

pret. ptc. 19^. 
nanig = ne aenig, no one, none, 

8365 w. g. pi. 2913 5 d. sg. 

m. 252, agreeing with a noun 

a. sg. m. 588. 
natan, wi, afflict, oppress, pres. 

I sg. 61 
nah, V. agan. 
nales, adv., not, not at all, 

26'7. 

nama, noma, m. wk., name, 
23S 2627 ; a. sg. 55", 5985 
d. 5814,. a. pi. 428. 

nan = ne an, none, no one, 5 3 ^^. 

nard, m., spikenard, g. sg. 
4029. 

nathwser, adv., lit. / kno^w not 
njohere, some^where, 25^, 62^. 

nathwaet, indef. pron., I knoiv 
not nvhat, something, w. g. 
45 S 545, 6i9, 9125. 

ne, neg. particle, not, neither, 
nor, 3', 'o, 39'°, etc. 

neah, prep. w. d., near, follow- 
ing its case, 3^2, 56^, 60^. 



neahbuend, n., neighbour, d 

pi. 252. 
near, comp. of neah, nearer^ 

364. 
nearograp, f., tight grasp, 836 
nearu, nearo, f , a narronx 

place, confinement, straits. 

position of danger, d. sg: 

nearwe, lo^ ; nearo we, 5312 

a. nearo, 61 6, 628. 
nearu, adj., narro<w,z.. pi. 152"** 

d. pi. 52^. 
nearwian, w., confine, pres. 3 

sg- 25^° > pret. ptc. 70I 
neb(b), n., beak, nose, face, lo^, 

21 s 316, 343} a. sg. %o^i 

d. 898. 
nefa, m., nepheiv, 46^. ] 

nel(l)e, v. willan. j 

nemnan, wi, name, call, 49^ j! 

pres. I pi. 40^3 J 3 pi. 2^7 ;' 

pret. 3 sg. nemde, 59^5 im-ii 

per. pi. 576. I 

neol, adj., prone, loiju donjon^ 

21S 836. 
neoSan, nioSan, z.^\.,from be^ 

neath, do^wn, belonv, iqi, 25^,' 

3120, 616. 
nergan, wi, sa^e, 15^^^ pres^ 

ptc. a. sg. m. 59I 
neSan, wi, venture, 53'^} pres.^ 

3 sg. 25S. 
nigan, i, bend for<voard, pres.s 

ptc. n. pi. 8^. 



(3\o&&ut^ 



167 



niht, f,, nig/it, 29 '^ ; a. sg. 39^ ; 

d. pi. 12*^, 87'^ ; advbl. s'-*. 
■) nio3an, v. neoSan. 
nis = ne is, v. wesan. 
ni3, m., en-vy, hatred y spite y d. 

sg. G\ 
niSas, niSSas, pi. m., men^ g. 

576 5 d. 2627. 
niSerweard, adj., donvnivard, 

21', 316, 343. 
niSsceaSa, m. wlc., malignant 

foe, 1524. 
no, neg. adv., ne-ver, not, 6"^, 

etc. 
noma, v. nama. 
nower, adv., noivhere, 31'*. 
nowiht, n., nothing, a. sg. 

Il5. 

nu, adv., nonjo, 14% 26^^, 40', 
102^ 42'5, etc. 

nyd, f., the rune N, 428 (see In- 
troduction, p. xxxix). 

nydan, wi, compel, drinje, pres. 
3 sg. 62^. 

nyde, adv., necessarily, 40^9. 

nymSe, conj., unless, except, 
2022, 23 '6, 253, 4021, 4i7, 
655. 

nyt(t), adj., useful, 252, 32^, 
54S 55'S 58^; ^' sg. f. 

nytt, f., use, d. sg. t5 nytte, 
astnytte, 26^7, 343, 499, 50^, 
696. 



Q. 



o = a, adv., e'ver, 54^. 

of, prep. w. ^.,from, 37, i6^ 56^ 

106, 'o, 1415, 1512, 176,22,21, 
13", 27S ^ 3 5S 4o79, 502, 
627, 7^4, 5, 766, 89-0, 91.4. 

ofer, prep. w. a. or d., o<ver, i^, 
3 10, etc. 

(2) along, through, 20^5 
hofer eor'San, onjer the earth, 
on earth, 35", 40^', 8 34', 8721, 
931O} sim. ofer foldan sceat, 
4i5. 

(3) w. a., after, 6'°. 

ofer willan, against {his) 

nvill, 29 "o. 
ofer, m., bank, shore, n. pi. 2 27. 
ofergongan, rd., co/ne o^uer, 

pres. 3 sg. 40 'o. 
oferstigan, i, rise aboije, pres. 

I sg. 666. 
oferswiSan, wi, onjercomey 

40205 pres. I sg. 4029. 
ofost, of(e)st, f., hurry, haste, 

d. sg. 624 ; d. pi. advbl. 

quickly, hastily, 40". 
ofgifan, V, gi^e up, abandon, 

pret. 3 pi. 9^ 
oft, adv., often, 4^, 53, etc. 
ohwonan, ?i.dv.,from anynvhere, 

3 5^. 
on, prep. w. d., in, on, i7, 12, 
2 12, 34^ etc. 

w. a., into, onto, tonvards. 



i68 



<Slo00ar^ 



(motion), i^, ", i^^ 3^, etc. ; 
following or separated from 
its case (ace), 3^^, 6^, 2029^ 
158, 794, 87'4, 9124. used 
adverbially (= prep, and ob- 
ject), 864. 

on, adv., o«, onivardsy 62^. 

onbugan, 11, bendy pres. i sg. 
23^. 

(2) snjoewey de^iatCy 3'S. 

oncweSan, v, reply, ginje an- 
snvevy pres. i sg. 4^. 

ond, and, conj., andy i^, etc. 

ondfenga, m., receinjevy one 
ijoho receives y g. sg. 61 7. 

ondrsidan, wi, dready feary w. 
refl. d. pres. 3 sg. 3^^. 

ondswaru, f., ans^wevy a. sg. 

5nettan, v. onnettan. 
onfindan, iii, find out, disco<very 

pres. 3 sg. 157, 279. 
onga, m. wk., stingy darty 23^. 
ongean, prep., againsty opposite 

to, following its case, w. d. 

76^, 893 ; w. a. 279. 
ongietan, v, grasp, comprehendy 

59'°; pres, opt. 3 pi. 48^. 
onginnan, iii, heginy set ahouty 

pres. I sg. 17^5 3 sg. 28", 

3i9} pret. 3 sg. ongon, 93, 

5410 ; 3 pi. 228. 
onhaele, adj., secrety hiddeny a. 

sg. f 157. 



onhebban, vi, ////, raisey pres. 

I sg. onhaebbe, 30^. 
onhlidan, i, uncover} 83^3. 
onhnigan, i, ho<vOy bendy pres. 

3 pi. 3o7. 
onhwyrfan, wi, turn round, 

pret. 3 pi. 722 5 pret. ptc. 23 1. 
onhyrian, wi, imitate y emulate, 

pres. I sg. onhyrge, 8'°, 24^. 
onlicnes, f., likeness y a. sg. 

4037. 

onlucan, 11, unlocky pret. 3 sg. 

4212. 
onmedan, wi, presume y take 

upon oneself y pres. opt. 3 sg. 

onnettan, onettan, wi, hurry, 

pret. 3 sg. 29 'I, 547. 
onsittan, v, w. reflex, d. fear, 

15^3. 

onsundran, adv., separately, 

7^6. 

ontynan, wi, unconjer, open, 

pret. I sg. 7 64. 
onSeon, i, contr. to be of ser'V- 

icCy w. d. 632. 
*onJ?inhan, iii, thri^ey prosper, 

pret. 3 pi. on^ungan, 8731. 
onSunian, w2, sivellivith pride, 

be puffed upy 4o9i. 
onwald, m., mighty d. sg. 40^3. 
onweg, adv., anjuayy 396, 68^ 
onwendan, wi, change y pret. 3 

pi. 725. 



^lofi^^ar^ 



169 



if, n., beginnings origins a. sg. 

359, 83'°. 
»rd, n., point (of any kind), 

6o'2, i3 jd. sg. 766} d. pi. 155 

(toes), 17S (darts). 
>rdstapu, f., point, prick, n. 

pi. 71^7. 
)rlege, n., w^r, strife, g. sg. 

)rlegfrom, adj., njahant in 

battle, a. sg. m. zo'S. 
)r3onc, m., skill, craft, a. sg. 

7775 d. pi. 693. 
jrSoncbend, f., cunning band, 

d. pi. 42'5. 
DrSoncpil, n., skilfully made 

point, 2 1^2, 
oSberan, iv, bear anjoay, pret. 

3 sg. 2 2 10. 
o3er, num. adj. other, second, 

322, neut. 2 1 12, 40865 a. sg. 

m. 2220 j f. 397; g. sg. 69 J 

d. 3^', 201S, 376, 4311, 535, 

10, 836, 9o7 ; i. 2110; a. pi. 

49^d. Ill 

one of two, 42^, d. sg. 

52^ 5 olSer . . . o"Ser, 567. 
oSfergan, wi, carry off, 

i6i7. 
o33aet, conj., until, 3 '2. 97, lo^ 

23^ 53^ 71^ 7^^ 9^^^- 
o33e, conj., or, i'^, 37^, etc. 
o33ringan, in, force, take 

aijoay, 8 7 '9. 



owiht, adv., at all, by any 

means, 41 6. 
oxa, m. wk., ox, 22'3. 

P. 

paeSan, wi, tra^verse, tra<vel 
through, pres. 3 sg. sS^j 
pret. I sg. 71". 

pernex, 40^6. See footnote to 
the passage. 

plegan, wi, play, 422. 

R. 

rad, f., riding, d. sg. ig^. 

(2) the rune R, 581^ (see 
Introduction, p. xxxix). 
radwerig, adj., nveary ivith 

riding, or travelling, 10^''. 
racan, wi, reach, extend, pres. 

I sg. 667. 
rseced, n., house, hall, a. sg. 

521 ; d. 3135 a. pi. 16. 
rad, m., counsel, 15^^; g- sg. 

8735. 
raedan, wi, read, explain, solnje 

(a riddle), pres. opt. 3 sg. 

5916 5 imper. 2 sg. 61^. 
rsedelle, f. wk., riddle, a. sg. 

42^3. 
rSping, m., capti've, 2l. pi. 52 ^ 
rseran, wi, raise, pres. opt. 3 

sg. 373; pret. 3 sg. 556. 
rasan, wi, rush (upon), pres. 

3 sg. 258. 



I/O 



^lo00ar^ 



ready reod, adj., red, n. sg. 

wk. a6i5 5 a. sg. m. 258; g. 

wk. 486 J n. pi. f. 1 12 J i, sg. 

advbl. reade beweefed, clothed 

in redy yo'. 
reaf, n., raiment y dress y d. sg. 

1 13, 137. 
reafian, W3, roZ', rwvagey plun- 
der y pres. I sg. reafige, i^, 

iai4. 3 sg. 258, 652. 
rec, m., smoke y n. pi. i^. 
reccan, wi, reeky care /or, w. 

g. pres. 3 sg. 765. 
reccan, wi, stretch. 

(2) /f//, declarey imper. 
3213. 

(3) r«/^, 40^5 , pres. i sg. 
40^3. 

reccend, m., ruler y 40^. 
recene, adv., at oncey straight- 

ivajy 3928. 
regn, m., rainy a. sg. 3^5. 
regnwyrm, m., rain-ivormy 

earth-avormy /\.o'^°. 
rSod, V. read. 
reord, f., speech y languagey a. 

sg. 24^5 d. pi. 8 1. 
resale, f. wk., riddle y a. sg. 

39^8. 
restan, wi, resty tarry y 3^3 5 

pres. 1 sg. 932 j w. reflex, d. 

84^ 
rg5e, adj., fiercey furiousy i^, 

83^} g- sg. m. 1515. 



ribb, n., r/^, g. pi. 328. 
rice, n., dominiony d. sg. 331. 
rice, adj., ponverfuly great y of 

high ranky richy 4o3; g. sg. m. 

70' ; n. pi. 3213 . d. 932. 
ricels, n., incense y 40^4. 
ridan, i, ridcy 3^2, 222 ; pres. 
sg. 336, 583,797. 



I sg. 79' 
pret. I 



sg- 9i'S- 3 sg. 



rinc, m., ;w««, nvarriory 62'^, 
732, 6316 (?)j a. pi. i4'6; d. 
426. 

rod, f., the Roody Cross, g. sg. 

55^. 
rodor, m., hea'ven, the skjy g. 

pi. 137, 5916; d. 555. 
r5f, adj., 'valiant y bold, a. sg. 

197,- n. pi. 573. 
rose, f., rosey 402^. 
ruh, adj., hairy y roughy 25S j g. 

sg. neut. ruwes, 61 9. 
runstaef, m., runey letter y n. pi. 



58 



a. 42^ 



ryht, n., righty justice y equity^ 

d. sg. 4o35 . on ryht, rightly, 

4o3. 
ryht, adj., righty due y just y a, 

sg. m. 62'*; i. 5o7,- n. pi. m. 

58^5. 

ryman, wi, make room, cleat 
the avayy pres. 3 sg. 53'°. 

ryne, m., running, course, a. 
sg. 83». 



6lo00ar^ 



171 



ryne, n., secret ^ mystery y mys- 
terious sayingy a. sg. 48^. 

rynegiest, m., sivift guesty g. 
sg. 358. 

rynemon, m., man of runesy 
sagey a. pi. 42^^. 

rynestrong, adj., strong in his 



course y 9' 



S. 



sacan, viy stri've, contendy 67'°. 
sacu, f. (or saecc), strifcy con- 

fiicty d. sg. 20^. 
sse, m. f., seuy 3^9^ -,51 j n. pi. 

663. 
saecc, f., strifey conflicty a. sg. 

87-9j g. 329. 

saeccan (?), stri'vey contendy 

pres. 1 sg. 162. 
saed, adj., satedy iveary, 52. 
saigrund, m., bottom of the seUy 

1. pi. 2 10. 
sael, n., hally g. sg. sales, 52^. 
sal, m., //;«^, occasion y g. sg. 
_3ii2. 
saelwong, salwong, m.y fertile 

plainy plainydi. sg. 193^ d. 3^, 
saene, adj., j/oou, sluggishy 33^. 
saeweall, m., sea-ivally cliffy 

d. sg. 6o^ 
sag, bundUy load(J)y 80^. 
saga, V. secgan. 
salo, adj. , j«//oxf , dark-coloured, 

79". 



saloneb, adj., snvarthy-facedy 

salopad, adj., dark-coatedy n. 

pi. 57^. 
salwong, V. saelwong. 
samed, v. somod. 
sang, V. song, 
sar, adj., sorey comp. n. sg. f. 

137. 
sare, adv., sorely y ji^^. 
sawan, rd,, so-iVy pres. 3 sg. 

216. 
sawol, f., souly a. sg. 39'^; g. 

8735. 
sceacan, rd., mo've rapidly y fly y 

pret. 3 sg. 91" } Isete'Son ge- 

rum sceacan, lets {me) go at 

large, 20^'*. 
sceam, m., nvhite horse {J)y a. pi. 

2 2^. 

scearp, adj., sharpy 3'*i, 62', 
69^*5 n. pi. f. scearpe, 33'^j 
a. pi. scearp, 69'* ; d. pi. 3^2 j 
sup. i. sg. 282. 

scSat, m., sheet ^ cloak, gar- 
ment y d. sg. 97, 442. 

(2) surface, region, c ornery 
a. sg. 4i5 ; a. pi. 67'6j g. 
87-7. 

sceawendwise, f. wk., play- 
er s songy or jesting songy a. sg. 
89. 

sceawian, W2, heholdy ohser<vey 
5 92 } pres. 1 sg. sceawige, 4o'*o. 



172 



^los^s^ar^ 



scSo, cloud (?), 3"*^ 
sceotan, ii, shoots 3 8'*. 
sceran, iv, cut^ pres. 3 sg. 65^. 
sceSSan, vi, injur e^ 43^ 5 pres. 

I sg. 252 } 3 sg. 43" ; pret. 

I sg. sc5d, 20^5, 7 1''*. 
scieppan, vi, shape^ fashion^ 

pret. 3 sg. scop^ 842 5 pret. 

ptc. sceapen, 20', 232. 
scildan, wi, shield^ protect ^ 

pret. 3 pi. 87^7^ 
scin, n., spectre^ goblitiy n. pi. 

scinan, i, shine^ ^0^°^. 

scip, n., shipy 58"^. 

scir, adj., shining^ brighty 72^0 j 

a. sg. m. 58'* ; n. pi. f. u^. 
scire, adv., clearly y brightly y 8^, 

3 81 
scotian, W2, shooty pres. 3 pi. 

8cri5an, i, gOy ivandery stalky 
glide y pres. 3 sg. 357 j pres. 
ptc. n. pi. neut. 3^2. 

sculan, prp., be obligedy pres. 
I sg. sceal, / musty 3'^^ ^4^ 

65 68 ^i r4_9 i4 i7 tcI2 

i7 ifii 7 0026 3o -08 Ao9i 
, 10 , , 20 , , 30 , 40 , 

63S 7o7, 8212, 894, 535, 8. 

3 sg. 27", 326, 3312, 375,398, 

16, 21, 4^8, 435, 816, 845, 

8727; 3 pi. 87195 opt. 3 sg. 
331 ; pret. I sg. 608, i4^ 726. 
3 sg. 618, 9i7j 3 pi. 136. 



scur, m., shoijoery rairiy d. pi, 

87^7. 

scyppend, m., the Creator y 40*, 

se, seo (sio), Saet, def. art., the, 
1524,163, 236, etc. 5 f. 99,2020, 
31^9, 386^ 391, 606, x2, 6719 
8320 J a. m. 2o4, 244 ; f. 37 
38s 42 '3, 9 1 18. neut. 34''}& 
m- m\ 55^59% ^^^ 6i7 
neut. 3 3'°, 4I^^ 4^", 54'^ 

899 5 d. m. 1526, 2o23, 29^, 

3765 i. 282, 3 . n. pi. 26^6 
a. 353, 72, 2210^ 347^ 4212 
d. 162, 7228. 
se, seo (sio), Saet, dem. pron. 
hCy shey thaty a", 279, 3 85 

4o93, 96, 435, x4, 595, 16, 6718^ 

706, 8o7, 8734, 9127 J f. 2510, 
28^3, 3124, 3^'^'33", 36^! 



39' 



41' 



neut. 33" 



368, 3924, 4,2, 8, 4311^ 453 

47S 53^ 6010} a. sg. m. 
2313, 9113 5 f. 310, 299 5 neut 
i^ 3^^ ^^ 4'° (v. sylf), 168 
175, 235, 279, 445, 472, 49r 
67^6, 7i9, 8332; g. m. 31' 

2028, 35, ^^7 . f, 2914, 3613 
neut. 359, 68, 9, 1 1 5, 1 64, 5 
23m 3ii5, 3212, 4i4, 83 
d. m. 1 3 10, 1529, 436, 60", 
69^5 f. 295, 565, 724, 8731 
neut. 37, 87345 i. 6310; after 
comp. 9", ", 135, 6, 174^ 



^Io0fi;ar^ 



173 



198, 26'9, 20, 21, 399, 476, 

87'% '5 J n. pi. 24'°, 26'5, 
35'o, 4i7, 523. a. I'S, 346^ 
4o35, 9122; g. 334, 5.2, 289, 
3 9 '5, 26, 40S9, 428, 465, 5^5, 
56'S 656, 838, '5, 55, 89.0. 

d. 265, 427, 476, 4^4, 
;, seo (sio), 3aet, rel. pron., 
<voho^ ivhichy 2o5, 23^, 40', 22, 
^°, 49S 51^ 625, 825, 8728. 

f. 2 9«, 3 1 5, 342, 4081, 526; 

neut. 40^2, 69, ^^12, 6o4; a. 
sg. m. 40^3, 50^ ; neut. 44^ ; 

g. neut. 4i4, 7 J d. m. 432 5 
pi. n. 2623, 5725 a. 4975 g. 
g. 716. 

w. antecedent omitted : 17", 
he^who^ thatixjhichy 31^, 20^9, 
55-55 neut. 112, 336, 1 711, 
21 -5, 23^2, 3 3>o, 37^ 893, 6, 
9124 J a. sg. neut. 3^5, 157, 

49 '°» 54", 79^5 g- sg. 55^ ; 
pi. n. 72^ ; a. 67. 

;alt, adj. (?), salt, 925. 

jaro, n., denjice, art, nvork of 
art, contri'vance, a. sg. 32^. 
d. pi. advbl. searwum, skil- 

fully, 296, 565,8348. 

aarobunden, adj., cunningly 
bound, a. sg. neut. 554. 

iaroceap, m., ingenious ma- 
chine, curious object, 327. 

iarocraeftig, adj., skilful, cun- 
ning, 338. 



searolic, adj., ingenious, curi- 
ous, 6o>^ 

searopil, m., skilfully made or 
pointed tool, g. pi. 892. 

searosseled, adj., skilfully tied, 

2 3 16. 

searoSonc, m., skilful de^uice, 

d. pi. 3513. 
searoSoncol, adj., expert, 

cle'vtr, n. pi. m. 40^7. 
seaw, n., moisture, liquid, a. pi. 

3^7. 
seax, n., knife, g. sg. 26^, 

60 '2, 766; d. 4o97. 
secan, wi, seek, <visit, a^, 162, 

27", 9i9} pres. 3 sg. 1525, 

345, 87345 3 pi. 9312J pret. 

3 sg. 9i5. 

secg, m., man, 45, 629 j n. pi. 

4o97; d. 484; g. 631. 
secgan, W3, say, 42^, 558, 16. 



pres. 3 pi. 39S 



pret. 3 



sg- 33 j imper. 2 sg. saga, 
I '4, 2'2, etc.j infl. infin. 3922. 

sefa, m. wk., mind, understand- 
ing, d. sg. 6o'^ 

segnberend, m., standard- 
bearer, njuarrior, g. pi. 402°. 

sele, m., hall, 84' ; g. sg. 13^ ; 
d. 2010. 

seledream, m., hall-joy, mirth, 
d. sg. 6 3 1. 

selest, adj., sup. of god, best, 
g. sg. wk. 41 3. 



174 



(Slo0fifari? 



sella, adj., comp. of god, better^ 

a. p]. 12I 
sellan, wi,gi've, endoiv, w. d. 

pers. pres. i sg. 12^ j pret. 

3 sg. sealde, 4^^, 61 3, 717. 
sellic, adj., rarey <TX)onderfuly 

excellent y 32^5 f. 32^^ 83285 

a. sg. neut. 312. 
semninga, adv., straightaway y 

suddenly y 40^°. 
sendan, wi, sendy pres. 3 sg. 

3^ 495 ; 3 pi- 30^ J pret. ptc. 

n. sg. m. I ". 
seolfor, n., sil'ver, g. sg. 55'*^ 

d. 2010, 6718. 
seolhbaeS, n., seaPs hathy the 

seay a., pi. 10". 
seomian, w2, lie upony lie 

around y pres. 3 sg. 20^. 
sSon, V. contr., seey pres. i sg. 

5^ } pres. opt. 1 sg. sy, w. g. 

406S; pret. 1 sg. 13S 19s 

3i3, 323, 421, 511, 52S 53S 

55S 59'» 64S 86» ; pret. opt. 

3 pi. .'' sawe (see note), 

833^ 
settan, wi, set,puty pret. 3 sg. 

26'*, 4o7. 
seSeah, swaSeah, swa35ana, 

conj., neijerthelesSy 4^, 35", 

39^7, 58-, ;3, 65s 867. 
Sid, adj., nxiidey broady a. pi. 

m. 2 10, ee^°. 

side, f. wk., sidey 13^; a. sg. 



21^3, 692} d. 71 '5, 7665 n. 

pi. 152, 7218; a. 8o5, 857. 
siex, num., sixy 24'°} a. 367. 
sigefaest, adj., sure of 'victory ^ 

comp. n. pi. 26^9. 
sigor, m., victory y g. pi. 6^. 
sin, poss. adj., hisy d. sg. m 

58^4, 594; i. 23145 a. pi. m.J 

3122 J d. 6i3, 89", 912. 
sine, n., treasurey 4''^ j a. sgj 

206, 55^^ ; d. 2010, 6718. j 
sincfag, adj., adorned nvitni 

treasurey 1.4'^. ' 

sinder, n., dross, impurity, d. 

pi. 266, 
singan, iii, singy 3i3}pres. li 

sg. 82; 3 sg. 692 J 3 pi. 

78. 
sittan, V, sity 75' ; pres. i sg. 

^47} 3 sg. 3^ 31^"; 3P1. 8^} 

pret. 3 sg. 461 ; 3 pi. 85^. 
siS, adv., latery 608. J 

si3, m., journey y coursCy a. sg.j 

12, 29'4, 843; d. 527, 642 i! 

a. pi. 10", 39165 g. 2i2ji 

d. 323. 
siSfset, m., journey y 19^ ; a. sg. 

821^5 d. 436. 
siSian, W2, tra<vely 5125 pret. 

I sg. 7110; 3 sg. 26". I 

siSSan, adv., afterguards y theny\ 

99, lo'o, 1522, 262, 5, II, 275, 

2913, 4o9, 6i5, 63 "S 766, 8, 

887, 9113. 



^Io0fifar^ 



175 



siSSan, conj., after y since y 11^, 

slaep, m., sleeps 40^°. 
slaepwerig, adj., aweary njjith 

sleep^ a. sg. m. 4^. 
slepan, rd., sleep, pret. opt. i 

sg. 4o9. 
slitan, I, slit, tear, shatter, 138 ; 

pres. I sg. 12' ; 3 pi. 8732; 

pres. ptc. n. pi. 16^. 
sliSe, adj., hard, cruel, dire, 

g. sg. f. 3^9. 
slupan, II, glide, 3^9. 
SViia&lydid].,narronju, slender yjz^^. 
smeah, adj., penetratingy comp. 

925(?). 
smiS, m., smithy 92'} g. pi. 

58, 2o7, 26^4, 

snaegl, m., snaily 40^0. 
snaw, m., sno^Wy 80'°. 
snel, adj., quicky comp. n. sg. 

m. 4070. 
sniSan, i, cuty pret. 3 sg. 2 6^. 
snottor, adj., ivisey cle<very 

knowing, 8334 5 n. pi. m. 852, 

snySian, W2, go along sniffing 
(i.e. with nose to the ground, 
like a dog), pres. i sg. sny- 
•Slge, 2 1 7. 

somnian, W2, collecty assemble, 
pret. ptc. 30^. 

somod, adv., together y i'"*, 162, 



2 2^ 5 



2 6o'3. 



sona, adv., soon, at once, 16^, 

277, 9, 63'3, 864. 
sond, m., messenger, 90^. 
sond, n., sand, d. sg. 27, 6o7. 
song, sang, m., song, a. sg. 

soS, n., truth, a. sg. 3612. 
s63, adj., true, just, righteous, 

354, 6S 3925 J g. pi. 2622 J d. 

3929. 
s53cwide, m., true speech, 

truth, d. pi. 3513. 
spsitan, wi, spit, pres. i sg. 

174, 238. 
sped, f., speed, success, 174 ; a. 

sg. 87^4 J on sped, successfully, 

speddropa, m., speed-drop (?), 
d. pi. 268, 

spel, n., story y saying (2) rid- 
dle y a. sg. 412. 

sperebroga, m. wk., spear- 
terror, a. pi. 174. 

spild, m., destruction, d. sg. 
238. 

spoTyTi. , trace, track, d. sg. 87^4. 

spowan, rd., succeed, pret. im- 
pers. w. g. 424. 

sprsec, f., speech, d. sg. 2712. 

sprecan, v, j/)^«>^, 18^, 6o9j 
pres. I sg. 8' ; sprice, 23", 
43'^ > 3 sg. sprecelS, 20^3; 
spricetS, 2 8«o; 3 pi. 939 j 
pret. 3 sg. 3 9 '2. 



176 



^los;0ar^ 



spyrian, wi, make a track y 

trace y pret. 3 sg. 26^. 
staef, m., staffs (2) letter of the 

alphabety n. pi. 241°. 
staelgiest, m. , thie^vish stranger ^ 

staepe, m., step, d. sg. 911°. 
stceS, n., hanky shore y d. sg. 

3 "8, 22^9 } a. pi. 2^. 

stse63an, wi, stayy hold i», 

pres. opt. 3 sg. 3'''^. 
Stan, m., stoney 40^4 5 d. sg. a^ j 

a. pi. i69; d. 8343. 
standan, v. stondan. 
stanhliS, n., stone-cliffy rocky n. 

pi. 326. 
stanwong, m., stony plainy a. 

pi. 9 1 10. 
staSol, m. yfoundationy seaty sta- 

tiony position, 25"^, yo^j a. sg. 

475, 87^5. 
staSolwong, m., place of occu- 
pation, established place, d. 

sg- 34^- 
stealc, adj., steep, highy n. pi. 

neut. 326; a. pi. neut. 2^, 917. 
steap, adj., high, 2 5 4, 70^ j a. 

sg. m. 1 5 '8, 80"* ; n. pi. m. 3^0. 
stede, m., place, position, a. sg. 

44^. 
stefn, f., 'voice, a. sg. 24' ; d. 

87, 14'^ 483. 
stenc, m., smell, odour, a. sg. 

4029 ■ d. 4023. 



steort, m., tail, 168} a. sg. 

587, 802 ; d. 2l4. 

stepan, wi, exalt, pres. 3 sg. 
508. 

steppan, vi, step, go, pres. i 
sg. 155 J pret. I sg. 73^5 3 
sg. 261°, 542, 9129; 3 pi. 

22^9. 

stician, W2, stick, thrust, pres. 

3 sg. 12". 

(2) intr., stick, be fixed, 

pres. 3 sg. 893; pret. 3 sg. 

6i5. 
stig, f., path, a. pi. 1524. j 

stigan, I, rise, pres. i sg. 3^0 • j 

3 pi. i^ J mount, climb, 22^, 

9i7. 
stille, adj., still, quiet, 3'°, 74, , 

i64; n. pi. 2^^ 87; a. 348. jl 
stille, adv., quietly, 32S. 
stincan, in, rise up, pret. 3 

sg. 29". 

(2) stink, smell badly, pres. 

3 sg. 4o32. I 

stiS, adj., stiff, strongy 443, 702 ; 

a. sg. m. i69jneut. 9129 j 

g. sg. neut. 545. 
stiSecg, adj. strong-edged, 

91^8. 
stiSweg, m., rough path, a. sg. \ 

335. 
stiwita, m.wk., householder (?), 

d. pi. 3 10. 
stondan, standan, vi, stand. 



<Slo00ar^ 



177 



33'^ 34^ 49S 54^ 87^5 j 
pres. I sg. 2 5^ 8722, 91^45 
3 sg. 4061 J 3 pi. 15^5 pres. 
opt. 3 sg. 695 ; pret. I sg. 
87"} 8 sg. 569; X pi. 87'^ 
pres. ptc. a. sg. m. 80^,- d. 
sg. f. 54.5. 

{x)fall to the lot of, apper- 
tain tOy pres. 3 sg. 93I 

storm, m., stormy d. pi. 83^3. 

strael, f., arroiVy a. sg. 3^6. 

straet, f., street, road, a. sg. 
15^8. 

Strang, v. strong. 

stream, m., streamy flood, n. 
pi. 2^, ^^y 228, 808} a. i^^, 

7o, 916. 

(2) nvater, fluid, g. sg. 

2610. 
streamgewinn, n., strife of 

ivaters, g. sg. 326. 
stfengu, f., strength, 7^ ; d. sg. 

strange, zj^^. 
strong, Strang, adj., strong, 
■ i3, 335, j6\ 2713, 549, 62S 

9110. a. sg. m. 832; g. sg. 

wk. 475 ; d. wk. 4o79 J n. pi. 

22^ ; d. 483 ; comp. strengra, 

40^2, 844 ; neut. 4023. 
strudan, 11, plunder, pret. 3 pi. 

5310. 
stund, f., time, moment of time, 

a. sg. 91^8 , g. pi. 549. 
d. pi. advbl. stundum, 'vig- 



orously, fiercely, exceedingly, 

_l3, ^6. 

style, n., steel, 91'^, <)i-^ ; d. 

^g. 4o79. 
styran, wi, goijern, pres. 3 sg. 

40^3. 

(2) hinder, restrain, pres. 
I sg. lit 

styrgan, wi, stir, agitate, 318J 
pres. I sg. 2^, 370. 

styrman, wi, storm, make a 
noise, cry aloud, pres. i sg. 
87. 

sue, see swylce. 

sum, Indef. pron., o«^ (of many), 
a certain, w. g. pi. 14^, 26', 
76"* J a. sg. m. 3^ ; neut. 79^ j 
g. 47^ ; ^ristra sum, one of 
the bold, i.e. <^joith bold com- 
panions, 7223 . agreeing with 
its noun, 333 j n. pi. f. lo^ j 
absol., some one, g. sg. \\^^. 

sumor, m., summer, 873. 

sumsend, adj., rustling, rat- 
tling, pattering, a. pi. neut. 

sund, n., sea, ivater, d. sg. 

i^\ io3. 
sundhelm, m., ivater-co'vering, 

sea, 761 ; d. sg. z^°. 
sundor, adv., apart, separately, 

39^. 
snndorcrsRiiym., special ponver, 
a. sg. 393. 



178 



i3\0&Sim 



sunne, f. wk., sun, 66^, 92' ; 

a. sg. 2 61 
sunu, m., son, 40^2, 83^0 ; a. sg. 

378; n. pi. suno, 462,3 . g_ ^12, 
suSerne, adj., southern, 62^. 
swa, adv. , jo, as, to such degree, 

in such 'way, 2^, 3^7, 89^ 912^ 

I 1 6, 2025, 2 1 2, 22^, 242, 10, 
2716, 296,3311,405,14,25,34, 
69, 488, 499, 5912, 6l4, 695, 
83^2, 87^1 J swe, 965 swa 
some, similarly, e<ven so, 152, 
42" ; swa . . . swa, as . . . 
as, 96. 

conj., so that, 60^6. al- 
though, 64, 22^3 . swa . . . ne, 
unless, 8731. 
swses, adj., [one'' s') onvn, esp. 
of blood-relationship, n. pi. 

f. 46^ •■> g. 9"- 

(2) d'^flr, a. pi. 1522, 7165 

g. 2622. 

swKsende, n., food, refection, 

d. pi. 888. 
swsetan, wi, snjueat, pres. 3 

pi. 3^3. 
swaeS, n., track, footstep, 211°; 

a. sg. 216} d. 152S, 74x5 n. 

pi. 5i3. 
swa3eah,swaSeana,v. seSeah. 
swaSu, f., track, a. sg. 93". 
swe, see swa. 
sweart, adj., black, dark, 49^ ; 

neut. 21'° J wk. ^o^^ ; a. sg. 



m. i2i3j d. 4o94, 7 1 10. n. 
pi. m. 512, 57^; a. 12^ j neut. 
347 J d. 177 J sup. g. sg. wk. 

sweartlast, adj., lea<ving a 

black track, 26". 
sweg, m., noise, din, crash, 

g. pi. 339. 
swelgan, 11 1, sijoallonxi, inhale, 

w. d. or i. 14^5, iy7. pres. 

I sg. 9123; 3 sg. 492, 5810, 

812 ; pret. 3 sg. 2 69, 476. 
sweltan, iii, die, pres. 3 sg. 

swyltetS, 354, 375. 
sweora, m. wk., neck, 69% 

7218; a. sg. 856. 
sweord, n. s'voord, 55^4, 
sweorfan, iii, scrub, rub, scour, 

file, pret. ptc. 2 84, 8^2. 
sweostor, f., sister, 7i4j g. 

sg. 43'^ ;n. pi. 13^- 
sweotol, adj., manifest, e'vi- 

dent, n. sg. f. 393 ; neut. 

21^0 j n. pi. neut. 134. 
sweotule, adv., clearly, 24'°. 
swete, adj., s'voeet, 40^8. 
swetnes, f., siveetness, d. sg. 

4o3o. 
swifan, i, siveep, glide, 327 j 

pres. 3 sg. 1 2^3. 
swift, adj., snvift, fleet, 3^2, 

152, 5i3; wk. 4068; a. sg. 

m. 193, 74I; comp. n. sg. 

4o7o; neut. 663, 843. 



^Io00ar^ 



179 



swige, adj., silent y 3", 84'. 
swigian, W2, be silent^ pres. 3 

sg. 71 ; pret. 1 sg. 71^5 . 

pres. ptc. 48'*. 
swimman, iii, sivimy pret. i 

sg- 7 3^5 3 sg. 22^4. 
S"win, n., saviney 40 ^o^. 
swingere, m., iv/iipper, scourg- 

er-y 277. 
swinsian, w2, singy make 

melody y pres. 3 pi. 7 7. 
8wi3, adj., strongy comp. neut. 

4o9-* } n. pi. i65. 

(z) comp. right {fiand)y n. 

sg. f. 60 12. 
SwiSe, adv. , w. adjectives, "veryy 

exceedingly y 51 3, 57^5 w. 

verbs intensifying their force, 

68, io3 {deep)y 193 {fast)y 

26'* (entirely)y 32^ {much)y 

62^, 93'^ 5 sup. 8328^ 93^. 
swiSfeorm, adj., 'violent, 3^2. 
swogan, rd., soundy rustUy 

pres. 3 pi. 77. 
swoncor, adj., plianty agiUy 

gracefuly a. sg. m. 19'^. 
swylc, adj. pron., suchy a. sg. 

60" J f 8 88; g. pi. 1^9. 
swylce, adv., likenxiisey 6^, 20^, 



24^ 40^ 



', 63x3, 644, 



83'°; swylce sue, likeivisey 



15' 



sylf, pron., reflex., self, d. sg. 
20^ ; w. pers. pron. in same 



case, expressed or omitted, my- 
self, himself etc., n. sg. 2628 j 

Wk. 378, 623, 7511^ 841 . g. 

338 J d. 6610 ; n. pi. 576 J 
sim., sylfes ^aes folces, 64^5 
"Sset sylfe, like'zvise, 41°. 

sylfer, n., sil-ver, d. sg. 142. 

syllan, wi, gi^ve, 37^. 

symbel, w.., feast, d. sg. 31". 

symle, adv., alijoays, 37^, 4o3o, 

64, 67I 

sj^n, f., sight, a. sg. 325; j. 



40^"*. 



T. 



tacen, tacn, n., tokeny sign, a. 

sg. 55^- 

(2) meaning, a. sg. 59'°. 
tacnian, w2, indicate, pret. 

ptc. 6314. 
t»cnan, wi, //io^u;, indicate^ 

pres. 3 sg. 3 16, 516. 
tan, m., branch, d. pi. 532. 
teala, teaJe, adv., nvell, 2ii4. 

(2) certainly, i 516, 
telg, m., dye, ^d^^. 
tSon, n., hurt, damage, a. sg. 

on teon, yor {his^ hurt, 5o3. 
teon, II, contr., drag, draiv, 

pull, intr., go, return, pres. 3 

sg. tyh'5, 344, 626; pret. teah, 

J sg. 7 1 5, 3 sg. 22 13. 
teorian,w2, tire, become ijuearyf 

pret. 3 sg. 548. 



i8o 



sioi^m 



teran, iv, tear, bite, pres. i sg. 

tid, f., time, hour, a. sg. 3^°, 

_ 73M d- pl. 39S 586. 
til, adj., good, sernjiceable, 1 7^ j 

g. pl. 2623. 
tila, adv., 'voell, 482. 
tillfremmend, m., ^well-doer, 

righteous man, g.. pl. 59^. 
tillic, adj., good, capable, 548, 

635. 
timbran, wi, build, pret. ptc. 

8344. 
to, prep. w. d., to {motion 

to^voards), n,^^, 6^, 14^, etc. 
(2) for, for the sake of, 20^, 

2627, 3919, 4i5^ 4^9^ 6^6, 

to fyre, at the fire, 12" ; to 
feore, in {my) life,^o^^ ; weart) 
to bane, became bone, 68^ ; to 
"Son, to that degree, 40^6 . ^5 
ham, homenvards, 34^ ; w. 
dat. infin. 28", 3123^ etc. ; 
w. uninflected infin. (Bos- 
worth-Toller, s. v. iii, 2) 
saecce to fremman, to do battle, 
8729. 

t5, adv., stop ... to, stepped 
up, 542. 

to, adv., too, w. adjectives, 22^, 
33^. 

toberstan, iii, to be rent asun- 
der, pres. 3 sg. 3 87. 

togaedre, adv., together, 524. 



togongan, rd., pass anvay, im- 
persl. w. g. rei d. pers. 23^°. 

torht, adj., bright, n. sg. m. 
5o3; wk. 4295 a. 482, 532 J 
d. p]. torhtan, 569. 

torhte, adv., clearly, brightly, 

7\ 59^. 
tosaelan, wi, happen amiss, 

fail, impersl. w. g. rei d. 

pers. pres. 152^, 16^. 
tosomne, adv., together, 3^^. 
toS, m., tooth, a. sg., 58^ j d. 

865 J g. pl. 342. d. 2I'1 

toSringan, iii, dri^e asunder, 

scatter, pres. i sg. 3^7. 
tredan, v., tread, 13^, ^^ 5 pres. 

I sg. 7' i 3 sg. triede'S, 12^, 

tride-S, 8329 j 3 pj. 87^} pret. 

1 sg. 71". 
treow, n., tree, 532, 569. 
tu, num., tivo, 15"^, 36^, 63^. 
tunge, f. wk., tongue, 79^ j a. 

sg. 588 }d. 482. 
turf, f., turf, a. sg. 13^; d. 

tyrf, 4025. 
twegen, num., tnvo, n. 42^0, 

462, 3 J £ twa, 4i^7^ 462 ; a. 

m. 5225 f, 421, 693, 8o5, 

85^ ^ ^ g- 39'S 4^^} d. 

46', 502, 6oi5, 87'8, 
twelf, num., tnvei-ve, 36^. 
tydran, wi, increase, be prolific, 

w. d. pres. 3 sg. 83^7. 
tyhS, see teon. 



<fi^lofi?efar^ 



i8i 



tyr, m., honour j glory y a. sg. 

26^3. 

©. 

Sa, adv. conj., thertj 9^, 22^, '°, 

297, etc. 

njuheriy lo^, 9j ^o^, 472^ 

5 9 '8, etc. ; tSa gen, v. gen. 
5ar, adv., /^^r^, ivhere^ there 

njohere^ 3^^ 24^ 14'^, 24^, etc. 
Saerinne, adv., therein^ 46^, 

Saes, advbl. g. of se, sOy to that 

degree^ i'. 
3aet, conj., consecutive, so thaty 

I2, 3^3, 2 1 1^ 22'9, 306,4016^ 
9r, io3, 6oi4, 7^6, 834X. 

(2) final, thaty in order thaty 
315, 3612, 4o9, 35. 

(3) introducing a depen- 
dent clause, thaty 4'*, 5^, 11^, 

2018, 25^ 235, i3^ 257^ ^^^11^ 

3 3;^ 39'^47^ 608, 7223. 

Sancian, w2, thank y rejoice y 

pret. 3 sg. 86^. 
Se, rel. pron. indecl., acAo, 

OC/^/V/^, I '5, 211, iS^ 3 16. 89^ 

2o23, 2510^ 279, 16^ 385, 3915^ 
26 .025 49 77 78 93 .,5 i4 

5o'o, 569, 59S, 16, 60", 618, 

6718, 69S 5, 706, 7228, 8o7, 
8330, 8734^ 9127. a. 1529^ 2o4, 
3ii5, 4089,96, 414,4316, 724, 
768 ;g. 32^2} d. 202X, 8714; 



n. pi. 2i5, 5", 13x0, 2 89, 346, 

3 5'°, 39'5, 4^^ '^ 49*^, 656, 

7i3, 8910, 9122 J a. 3^8, 265 J 

d. 334 J 'Se ic, 1 2 '4. 
3e, conj., thaty because y 47^. 
Seah, conj., j^/, ho^we-very nenj- 

erthelessy 68, 93'°. 

(2) although y 1 82, 40^7, 6s, 

482, 795, 9117. se -Seah, j^/, 

J////, 49, 35" (v. hwae'Sre), 

3927; deah, tSe, %. swa, «/- 

thoughy 136, 4027, 8333, So. 
Searle, adv. , seijerely. 

(2) abundantly, 718. 
3eaw, m., custom, g. sg. 11 8. 
Seccan, wi, co<very 9^ ; pres. 3 

sg. 14S 8o9; pres. opt. 3 sg. 

1^4 J pret. 3 sg. iSeahte, 45% 

761 J pret. ptc. "Seaht, xo^y 

I 63. 
Secen, f., con;ery d. sg. 8339 ; a. 

pi. 452. 
Segn, m., ser<vanty 37*, 49^, 

547, 8625 d. sg. 4S 9. 
Senden, conj., ivhiUy 12^, 

6715, 846. 
SSnian, Segnian, W2, sernje, 

w. d. pres. 3 sg. 21 '4, 43S j 

3 pi. 506. 
Seo, n., thigh y d. s. 44 ^ 
Seod, f., people, a. pi., 72^3 5 g. 

418. 
Seodcyning, m., king of people ^ 

g. sg. 67'. 



I82 



^lo0fi?ar^ 



Seoden, m., chief, prince , mas- 



;d. 



>26 



, 58^S 



ter, g. sg. 45- 

Seof, m., MzV/. 47"^ > g- sg. 
7223, 

Seon, I, contr., flourish, pret. 

1 sg. "Sah, 718. 
Seotan, 11, rush, resound, 1%^. 
Seow, m., servant, 3^7, 
Seowian, W2, ser^e, w. d. 

pres. I sg. "Seowige, la'^ j 3 

sg. 50^- ^ 
3es, 6eos, Sis, dem. adj. & 

pron., this, 31% 32', 40^3, 

48,51,76, 661,4. f. 74, 57X. 
i4 ^n3i 49 



neut. 35' 
sg. m. 39' 

r7 26 



40^ 
3, 40^ 



f- 39 



40' 



92"- 



neut. 40^ 



d. neut. 4079 J a. pi. 4o5, 
Sicce, adj., />^/V^, great, a. pi. 

4o36. 
Sicgan, v, take, receive, 891°} 

pres. 3 sg. 3114. 
Sincan, v, Syncan. 
Sindan, in, snvell, 452 ; pres. 

ptc. a. sg.' neut. 45^. 
5ing,n., thing, 39^4 5 a. sg. 32^, 

45S ; a. pi. 40^^; g- 4036. 
(2) court, meeting, council, 

d. sg. 67^ ; ^ingum . . . ^ast, 

in order that, 60 '4. 
Solian, W2, endure, hold out, 

pres. I sg. -Solige, 9121J 3 sg. 

168. 



(2) fail in, be depri'ved of, 

w. g. 20^7. 
Son, instr., of sej totSon, to that 

degree, 40 ' 6. 
Sonan, adv., thence, 26^, 29'°, 

7227. 
Sonc, m., thought, fanjour, on 

'Sonc(e), for the pleasure of, 

49, 2026. 

Soncian, W2, thank, pret. 3 sg. 

887. 
Soncol, adj., thoughtful, ijoise, 

2^2. 

Sonne, adv., conj., demonstr., 
then,-},^, 63, etc. ; relat., njuhen, 
t3 8 2,8 i4 etr 

after acomp.adj.,/^<3:«, i65, 

^3^ 39^40^^ ^^ ^^ ^S ^S 
48, etc., 66S 2, 3, 8^3, 9^2, 

etc. ; than {if), 40^9. 

Sraed, m., thread, 356. 

Srsegan, wi, r««, rush, 19^. 

Srafian, W2, «r^^, stir, pres. 
3 sg. 3^; 

Srag, f. , /ZOT^, season ? d. sg. 888. 
advbl. d. pi. "Sragum, some- 
times, at times, i4, 367^ ^^7, 

84^. 
Sragbysigf, adj., busy from time 

to time (?), 41. 
SrSat, m., troop, press. 

(2) j/r/?jj, blonv, g. pi. 356. 
Sreohtig, adj., enduring, perse- 

<vering, comp. 844. 



(SAossavg 



183 



Srimm, v. Srymm. 

Sringan, in, press on, force 

Srist, bold, bra^vey g. pi. 722^. 

Sri3, V. SryS. 

Srowian, W2, suffer, pret. i sg, 

_7I'3. 

Sry, num., three, 40^2, 58'! 
6rymm, Srimm, m., might, 

ponjoer, reno^ivn, d. sg. 3 6% 

4o9r. 

{z) a mighty person, g. pi. 3^*. 
Srymfaest, adj. , reno'ivned, a. 

sg. m. 474. 
5rymful, adj., mighty, i'^, 3^7^ 
Sry 3, SriS, f., /orr^, strength, 

g. pi. 64"^ j advbl. d. pi. 

mightily, 372, 86^ 
5u, pron., thou, 32'^, 36", 39^^, 

4o59 ; d, sg. -Se, 60'! 
Sunian, W2, sound, resound, 

452 ; pres. I sg. i4. 
Surfan, prp., need, pres. i sg. 

1522, 20'7. 

3urh, prep. w. ace, through, 

355^ ^S 15'^ etc. 
Surhraesan, wi, rush through, 

pres. I sg. 3 2^. 
3urst, thirst, 43^. 
Sweran, iv, forge, pret. ptc. 

89^ 
Syncan, Sincan, wi, seem, ap- 



3ynne, adj., thin, small, a. pi. 



pear,pres. 3 sg. 3' 
«uhte, 47 % 86^. 



pret. 



40-'". 
3yrel, n., hole, 442 ; a. sg. 1521, 

_7i8. 
3yrel, adj., perforated, bored 

through, 895. 
3yrelwomb, adj., halving a 

pierced stomach, a. sg. m. 

80". 
3yrran, wi, dry, pret. ptc. 28-^. 
3yrs, m., giant, d. sg. 40^3, 
3ystru, f., darkness, d. sg. 47^ j 
_d. pi. 34. 
3ywan, wi, press, 1^^, pres. 

3 sg. ^y^, 128, 2i5,625, 636. 

U. 
ufan, ufon, adv., from abcve, 
donxinnxiards, 3^7, 55^ 69, lo'^. 



365, 



91- 



ufor, adv. , comp. , higher, abo've, 

w. g. 40^8, 
uhta, m. wk., da^wn, early 

morning, g. pi. 60^. 
Ulcanus, m., Vulcan, g. sg. 

4o56. 

unbunden, adj., unbound, 2 3 '5. 
uncer, poss., adj., our (of two), 

n. pi. m. 8718^ a. 60^"^, see 

also under ic. 
undearnunga, adv., openly, 

422. 
under, prep., w. d., under (rest) 

32, 22i5, 353, etc. 



1 84 



^lo00ar^ 



w. a., under y beneath (mo- 
tion towards) 2 2^ ^64^ etc. 

under, adv., do^wny 21". 

underflowan, rd.,/ow beneath^ 
pret. ptc. lo^. 

underhnigan, i, descend be- 
neath, w. a., 3^9; pres. i sg. 
666. 

undyrne, adj., kno^wn, e^videnty 

42^5. 

unforcuS, adj., honourable y 

goody truey 622. 
ungefullod, adj., unfuljilledy d. 

sg. f. 59^3. 
ungesibb, adj., strangey unre- 

latedy d. pi. 98. 
ungod, n., e<vily a. 20^5. 
unlaet, adj., restlesSy acti^ey en- 

ergeticy 53". 
unlytel, adj., large ygreaty 40^5; 

a. sg. n. 82". 
unraed, m., /o//y, g. sg. 11'°, 

2 7 12. 
unraedsiS, m., foolish journey y 

<voay of folly y a. pi. iil 
unrim, n., countless number y a. 

unrim, adj., countlessy a. pi. 

neut. 63. 
unsceaft, f., ^^z;// or monstrous 

creature, n. pi. 87^2. 
unsoden, adj., unboiled, 76^. 
unstille, adj., restlessy unquiety 

51^- 



unwita, m., ignorant person, 

fooly 4". 
up, upp, adv., upy upivardsy 

3'2, 7o, io9, 22^9, 33II, 555, 
918. 

upcyme, m., upspringingy a. sg. 

3o9. 
upirnan, iii, uprise, rush up- 
■ ivardsy pres. ptc. d. sg. wk. 

4o56. 

uplong, adj., uprighty 87^2. 

upweard,adj., upnvardy turned 
upy a. sg. m. nio^an up- 
weardne, upside donjony 61 6. 

user, poss. adj., oury 40^9. 

ut, adv., outy out^wardsy 62^, 
91*6, 

utan, adv. , /row ivithout, 40^, ^^, 

4047, 53^ 7^,3, 8339. 

ute, adv., outside, out of doors, 

422. 
uttor, adv., com^.y from nvith- 

outy 4084. 

W. 

wa, interj., <vooelvf. g. rei, d. 

pers. 118. 
wac,adj.,a(;^^^, g. sg. neut. 45 1. 
wacan, vi, be borny pret. i sg. 

2 02i. 

wadan, vi, gOy passy pres. 1 sg. 

62^; pret. 3 sg. 22^5, 916. 
wiecan, wi, nveakeny pret. ptc. 

28S. 



©losjat^ 



i8s 



waeccan, wi, ivatchy nvake, 

pres. ptc. a. sg. 40^. 
waed, f., garment J d. pi. 42'^. 
waed, n., ivatery a. pi. wado, 

waeg, m., ivally d. sg. 13'*; 

wage, i4'2. 
waeg, (weg), m., wa^u^, 320 ; 

d. sg. 2^, lO'O, 16', 2221^ 

33'- 
waegfaet, n., ivater-^essel, a. 

pi. 337. 
waegn, m., ^waggon, 22^25 a. 

sg. 22^ ; d. 21^. 

waegstaeS, n., shorey d. sg. 

222. 
waelcraeft, m., deadly ponver^ 

d. sg. 89". 
"waelcwealm, m., death-pang^ 

18. 
waelgim, m., deadly jeively a. 

sg. 20"*. 
waBlgrim, adj., s laughter-fierce y 

bloodthirstyy 158. 
wselhwelp, m., slaughter- 

ivhelpy murderous dogy g. sg. 

_I523. 

waepen, n., nveapony 3^85 a. 
sg. 5 5^2 J d. pi. 352, 20i7. 

waepenv^iga, m., armed ^war- 
rior, 141. 

waepnedcyn, n., male-kindy 
male, g. sg. 38^ 

wser, V. wer. 



waestm, waestum, m,, fruit, 
produce, offspring, 902 j d. pi. 
8337. 

(2) gronjoth, formy figurey 

f- sg. 31^- 
wset, adj., njoety 25" ; wk. 3 5^ 
waeta, m. wk., njoater, liquor j 

a. sg. 3'*8 } d. 5810. 
watan, wi, '^wety soaky pres. 3 

sg. 1210; pret. 3 sg. 262. 
waeter, n., eatery 533, 683j 

g. sg. 22125 d. lOS I2IO, 
263, 9123. 

waeSan, wi, nvandery hunt, 
pres. 3 sg. 34S. 

wafina, w2, ^wonder aty he as- 
tonished, pres. 3 pi. 83'*'. 

wagian, wi, shake, tremble, 
pres. 3 pi. 38 5 pret. 3 pi. 

waldend, n., ruler, mastery 6^ 

204, 236, 40895 g. sg. 4014. 

waldend, adj., mighty, ponver- 

fuly comp. 4087, 
Wale, f., Welsh {foreign) nvo- 

many slanje, 128, 52^. 
wamb, V. womb, 
war, waroS, n., sea-iveedy 

40'*9 5 d. sg. 28. 
warian, w2, guardy pres. 3 sg. 

3 1 21, 82^, 9126. 
wat, w^ast, V. witan. 
waS, f., nvandering, roaming, a. 

sg. I". 



i86 



^lofi^0ar^ 



wawan, rd., blo<zVy pres. 3 sg. 

408^ 
wea, m. wk., nvoey misery^ 

calamity y £65; a. sg. 71^^} 

g. pi. 87^0. 
wealcan, rd., roily toss, pret. 

ptc. 24. 
wealdan, rd., ivieldy ruhy 

pres. 3 sg. 40S, 22 J w. g. 

pret. 3 sg. 52^. 
Wealh, m., Welsh {foreign) 

many sla'vey foreignery a. pi. 

Wealas, i2'*,- g. pi. Wala, 

71". 
weall, m., ivally 83'*'*; g. sg. 

297 ; n. pi. 3^. 

(2) cliffy hilly maundy d. 

sg. 320 J a. pi. 34S. 
weard, m., guardy attendanty 

guide y 21^^. 

(2) ruler y g. sg. 1 3 7. 
weardian, W2, y^^f/>, guardy 

8725. 
wearm, adj., <vuarm^ 4^. 
wearp, n., ivarpy a. sg. 35S. 
weaxan, rd., groiVy 541° ; 

pres. 3 sg. 4026; 3 pi. 40 102. 

pret. I sg. 871 ; pres. ptc. n. 

sg. 53^- 
wecgan, wi, mo<vey heary carry y 

bringy Y>res. 3 sg. i2^,2i5,8o7j 

pret. 3 pi. 72^. 
weder, n., •Tveather, ivindy 

stormy d. sg. 302. 



wefan, v, njuea<vey pres. 3 sg. 

83^2 J pret. ptc, 40^5. 
wefl, f., ivefty 'njooofy n. pi. 35^. 
weg, m., ^ayy a. sg. 1521, 

538, 623} d. 36s 683, 6^5. 

a. pi. 3 16, 51^ 
weg, V. •Wffig. 
wegan, v, mo've, carryy hringy 

pres. 1 sg. 206 ; 3 sg. 32", 

5o3, 706, 7221 ; 3 pi. 14.14. 

pret. 3 pi. 273 } pret. ptc. 

218. 
wel, adv., nvelly 6^, ^o=>. 

(2) thoroughlyy <veryy w. 

adj. 9^*. 
wela, m. wk., ^wealthy }67^°. 
wella, m. wk., <u^elly source, 

fountainy a. pi. 383. 
wen, f., expectationy hopey pros- 
pect, 328. 
wenan, wi, ^ween, belienjey sup- 

posCy expecty 20^^ . pres. 3 pi. 

1^ y pret. I sg. 6o7 J w. g. 

pres. I sg. 54. 
wendan, wi, turny pres. 3 sg. 

7228 } pret. 3 sg. 595 ; pret. 

ptc. 59^9. 
weorc, n., njoorky handi<vuorky 

9l32 ; n. pi. 26^"^. 

(2) labour y toily a. sg. 7 1 *3 j 

g. 42% 5410. 

weorpan, iii, thronv, dash, 
hurly w. d. of thing thrown, 
pres. 3 pi. 2^. 



<6lo6sa.vg 



187 



weorpere, m., thronver^ 2 7 7. 
weorS, adj., tvorthy^ held in 

honour^ 27' ; com p. 87I'*. 
weorSan, iii, become^ 50'° i 

pres. I sg. i64 J 3 sg. 15'^ 5 



3 pi. 



pret. I sg. 9»; 



3 sg. 39'8, 67", 683, 8^5 J 3 
pi. 72^. 

(2) as auxily. with pret. ptc. 
of another vb. making it pas- 
sive, 331, • pres. I sg. 2o2o . 
pret. 3 sg. 53S; pret. opt. 3 
sg. 83^0. 

weorSian, W2, honour^ adorriy 
pres. 3 sg. 20 10 5 pret. ptc. 
7o5, 8324. 

wSpan, rd., nveep, pres. 3 sg. 
70^ ; pret. I sg. 91^9, 

wer, waer, m., man, 46^ ; g.sg. 
441 ; n. pi. 143, 12, 229, 21, 
306, 8341, 85- J g. pi. 18, 39, 

2618, 29I4, 341, 473^ 823^ 

8726; d. 27s 3l4, i4, 32x1, 

41^ 42^^. 
werig, adj., tiredy w. d. 53 j 

w. g. 5 4 10. 
vrerm6d,m., njoormijooody 40^°. 
werSeod, f., people^ a. pi. 

8340. 
wesan, anv., /o Z'^, 43'° 5 pres. 

I sg. 5S 152, 17', etc. j 3 

sg. iS 15S 17^ etc. } w. 

neg. prefix, nis, 40^8, 86^ 84^ \ 

3 pi. sind, sindon, sindan. 



55'°, 57S 58'^ 656, 663} 
pres. opt. 3 sg. sy, 2 8^3, 

3 5'S 39S ^\ 4o^S "^ ^» 
4i9, 67'9, 79S, 8355 J sie, 
3124, 3114. pret. I sg. 14S 
1 84, 4o44, 56', 60S 65s S 

71S 9, 901 ; 3 sg. 92, 13S, 
198, 226, 3l4, 6, 3^9, 333, 5, 

36s ^ 9, 3 7S 46^ 47^ 51^ 
5^^ 53S'S 56^9,603,63^6, 
642, 68S 702, 82', 875, ^4. 
pi. 108, 1 3 1, 334, 466, 523, 

8729 ; opt. 3 sg. 367. 

(2) as aux. vb. w. pret. 
ptc. forming passive voice, 
pres. I sg. 249, 632; 3 p«l. 
4217} pret. 3 sg. 5 9 18, 6i4j 

opt- 3 sg. 39'^- 

^west, adv , ivestnvardy 291°. 

wic, n., habitation y dive I ling- 
place, a. pi. 7^ 15^ d. 87, 
494, 7228. 

wicg, wycg, n., steedy 14^ } d. 
sg. 1414, 797. n. pi. 2221 } a. 

229 . d. 2t22. 

wicstede, m., d^velling-place, 
n. pl.^ 39. 

"wid, adj., ividey a. sg. f. i83. 

widdor, v, wide. 

wide, adv., far^ nvidelyy far 
and ixiidcy i", 337, 7i^ yS, 
lo'o, 2016, 2616, 271, 35", 
39^7, 582, 667, 7222, 8210, 
9127, 933 } all onjevy 4o99j 



i88 



comp. widdor, 9 ^°. 

Mvldef erh,3.dv., for e'ver, 39^,21. 

widgal, adj., njuanderingy ronj- 
ing, d. sg. 20^ J comp. wid- 
g(I)elra, more extended y^videry 

4051, 83. ^ 

widlast, adj., far-njoanderingy 

19^. 
wido, 562, V. wudu. 
wif, n., ^womatiy nvife, 25", 

36^ 50^ g. sg. 36", 9o3, d. 

20^2, n. pi., 306, d. pi. 2 5 1, 

46 ^ 
wifel, m., 'Tvee'vily beetle y a. sg. 

4o73. 

wig, n., battle y tuary a. sg. 5^, 

1523. 
wiga, m. wk., ^warriory 15^, 






5< 



51 , 7^2^ g. sg. 9] 



wiht,wuht,wyht, f. n., ivighty 
creaturey beingy 18^, 20^ 232, 
241, 251, 2813, 297^ 3i4, i9^ 
"^ 3^5, ^\ 33S 386, 39S 
4087, 4i9, 69s 8iS 83s 851, 
882, a. sg. 4", 29S 34S 36^ 
371, 38s 3926, 562, 582, 
672, 68S 86s g. 29^ 36'3, 
d. 565, n. pi. 4216, a. 57^ 
wuhte 5 1 1, wyhte, 42 ", g. 288, 
39^ 428, 834. 

(2) indef. particle after a 
neg. {noty none) at ally a. 3 1 1'^, 
5810, 6^1^ d. 476, advbl. 1523. 



wiif, V. wif. 

wilcuma, m. -w^^.y pleasant cant' 

ery ivelcome guest y or thingy 

g. pi. 8". 
wilgehleSa, m. wk., pleasanty 

familiar companiony a. pi. 

willa, m. wk., <TJuilly desirey plea- 



sure y 78 S a. sg. 20-' 



54^ 



63^ 7^7, g. pi. 28^0, d. pi. 

867, 89", 912. 
willan, anv., nvilly nvishy pres. 

isg. 49^ 3sg. 35", 39^43% 

'\ 44^ 59'^ 764, 8g9, 3 pi. 

i67, 26^8^ pret. 3 sg. 295, 

867. 

w. neg. pref. pres. i sg. 

nelle, 2315, 3 sg. nele, 15^6. 
wilnian, W2, desirey ask /or, 

pres. 3 pi. 497. 
win, n., njuiney d. sg. i4'7, 421^, 

46^ 
wincel, m., corner y d. sg. 45 ^ 
wind, m., ijoind, lo'o, 40^8. 

d. sg. 1414, 1 61, 30S 4081. 
windan, iii, twisty turuy curly 

pret. ptc. 28^, 553 J n. pi. 

355, 4oio4j a. 4o99. 
winnan, iii, stri<vey contendy 

16'} pres. I sg. 367, 575 3 
^. 3i9j pn 

51^; a. 562. 
winsele, m., ivine-hall, d. sg. 

54^. 



(Slo00ar^ 



189 



winterceald, adj., nvintry cold, 

wir, m., njuire, filigree, orna- 
ment, 20"* ; d. sg. 26'^, 70S J 
d. pi. 20^2, 4o'*7. 

wirboga, m. vvk., bent '^vire, 
d. pi. 14^. 

wis, adj., ^vise, 32''*; d. 31*"*. 

wisdom, m., ^msdom, a. sg. 
939 5 d. 676. 

wise, f. wk., sprout, gronjoth, 
a. pi. 65^ 

wise, f. wk., manner, fashion, 
pi. characteristics, ^virtues, 
36^^, 79^0 ; a. pi, 118, 20'', 
69s 725,^9, 837. d. pi. 312, 
32^. 

(2) melody, a. sg. 8'^. 

wisfaest, adj., ivise, skilled, 
learned, 35'"^ 5 d. sg. 2 8^3. 
g. pi. 67^9. d. 4i9. 

wisian, w2, guide, direct, pres. 

3 sg. 3'^ 2o^ ^i""- 
wisse, V. witan. 
wist, f., yoo^, a. sg. 32" ; a. 

pi. 437} d. pi. 8321. 
witan, prp., knonxj, pres. i sg. 

11^ 35^ 43S49S 58s 8726; 

2 sg. 36" 5 3 pi. 4275 pret. 

3 sg. wisse, 541 ; pres. opt. 3 
sg. 4"} I pi. 36"} 3 pi. 394. 

wite, n., punishment, torment, 

penance, 26^7 j a. sg. 23^. 
witod, adj. ptc, decreed, as- 



sured, certain, 15^, ", 202^, 
847 ; a. pi. 437. 
wis, prep., w. d., against, 3^°^ 
41, 16S 2, 2710, 726. 

(2) ^tth, 2027, 3912^ 60''^} 

w. a., against, 42 ^^ j foUowing 

its case, i69. 
wis, adv., against, 28^0. 
wlitan, I, look, pres. 3 sg. 91^2. 
wlite, m., aspect, countenancey 

36", 70'°, 8324} a. sg. 837. 
wlitetorht, adj., beautiful, g. 

pi. 70^. 
wlitig, adj., beautiful, 1412, 

1 7 10, 83195a. pi. wk. 347. 
wlitigian, w2, beautify, adorny 

pres. 3 sg. 83^7} pret. ptc. 

312, 322, 8340. ^ 
wlonc, "wlanc, adj., proud, ex- 
ultant, splendid, 141, 42^^ ; a. 

sg. m. 50^0 5 d. 797} n. pi. 

m. 306} a. 14175 g. 5919 } d. 

17^0. 
woh, n., crookedness, per<versityy 

on woh, crookedly, tx^. 
woh, adj., crooked, 692 ; n. pi. 

neut. sg^'^i a. wk. 1185 d. 

woum, 14^. 
wolcen, n., cloud, g. pi. 7S ; d. 

8325. 
wolcengehnast, n., battle of 



clouds, d. 



sg. 3' 



wolcnfaru, {., cloud-drift, mov- 
ing clouds, a. sg. 371. 



1 90 



i3\o&&m 



worn, m., disgrace. 

(a) slander, abuse, a. sg. 

2o33. 
womb, wamb, f., nvomb, 

stomach, 371 } a. sg. i 8^, 62^, 

855, 86- d. 348, 363, 8733, 

9123, 28. 
wombhord, m., treasure of the 

woomh, 1 7 10. 
won(n), adj., dark, lurid, 

Iv-vid, 320, 40107^ 8722 J wk. 

49^ ; a. pi. neut. 40^1 j d. pi. 

53^ 8716. 
wonfah, adj., ^<^r>&, 526, 
wonfeax, adj., dark-haired, 

128. 
wong, m., field, plain, 35% 

4o5i, 83^ 702 ; a. sg. 641 } d. 

2i5, 582, 721 ; n. pi. 665 J a. 

122, 8 2 10. 

(2) the earth, the ivorld, 

d. sg. 31^1 
wonian, w2, diminish, pres. i 

sg. 2o33. 

wonnsceaft, f., e^vil fate, mis- 
ery, a. sg. 9120. 

word, n., ^word, a. sg. 18% 
20", 59S, 9395 d. 4oi4; a. 
pi. 47S 6725 g. 32i4; d. 4", 

2034, 3119, 3514^ 3926^ 29, 
4o73, 476, ^83, 5516, 6010, 
837, 54^ P8353. 

wordcwide, m., speech, saying, 
a. pi. 60^7^ 



wordlean, n., ivord requital^ 

g. pi. 79^- 
world, woruld, f., nvorld, a. 

sg. 402, 8337. 
worldbearn, m., child of the 

'world, man, g. pi. 8332, 
worldlif, n., earthly life, d. sg. 

4087. 
woruldstrengu, f., nvorld- 

strength, strength, g. pi. 262. 
w63, f., sound, 'voice, song, d. 

sg. 8". 
wo6bora,m. wk., sound-bearer, 

singer, poet, d. sg. 312^, 792. 
woSgiefu, f., gift of song, 3118. 
wracu, f., malice, enmity, d. sg. 

wraece, i^. 
wraed, f., bond, a. pi. 3^3, 
wriesnan, wi, change, pres. i 

sg. 241. 
wraest, adj., strong, 'vigorous, 

comp. 4026. 
wrseste, adv., strongly, 40^9. 
wrsett, f., ornament, decoration, 

d. pi. 312, 322. 
wratlic, adj., 'wondrous, curi- 
ous, fair, beautiful, 232, 31 18, 

3924, 441, 553, 69^5 n. sg. f. 

33S 47^5 a. sg. f. 672 j g. 

wk. 59^7} n. pi. neut. zS^'^; 

a. f. 42S 51^ 
wraetlice, adv., nuonderfully , 

elegantly, 362, 40^, 85, 102, 

io4, 682, 695. 



^Io00ar^ 



191 



wra5, adj., jierce^ cruely g. pi. 

40'*^ 70^} d. i4»7. 

(2) bitter, comp. 40^°. 
wrSSscraef, n., den, a. pi. 

40'*'. 
wrecan, v, drinje, i", pres. 3 

sg. 3^; pres. opt. 3 sg. wraece 

1^, pret. ptc. 21". 

(z) a--vengey 91'^} pres. opt. 

3 sg. wraece, 20 '8. 
wrecca, m. wk., exile, 'wan- 
derer, a. sg. 29'°, g. 398. 
wregan, wi, rouse, excite, 3 '7, 

pres. I sg. 3''', pret. ptc. 2^. 
wrenc, \x\., artifice, ^.^^X. advbl. 

cunningly, 8 2. 
wreon, i contr. , confer, pret. 3 sg. 

wreah, i^^^ wrah, 9^, 26", 3 

pi. wrugon, 2i5, y62, Sy'^. 
wreSstuSu, f., support, founda- 
tion, d. pi. 402. 
wrigian, W2, strinje, push one'' s 

'way, pres. 3 sg. 21^. 
wriSa, m. wk., ring, a. sg. 59^, 
wriSan, i, bind, fetter, pres. 3 

sg. 5o5, pret. ptc. 537. 
wrixlan, wi, change. 

(2) discourse, 601°, pres. i 

sg. 82. 
wrohtjf. accusation, quarrelling, 

?72i4. 
wrotan, rd., break up the soil 

(of pigs), pres. ptc. 40'o7. 
wudu,m.,Tx;oo^ (material), 40'*^, 



55'6, 565, d. sg. io5, 87", 
9 1 2^, a. wido, 56^. 

{z) 'wood (^forest), 2i. sg. i^, 
8o7. 

(3) ship, 324. 

(4) tree, 532. 
wudubeam, m., forest-tree, g. 

pi. 87'^ 
wudutreow, n. forest-tree, a. 

sg- 55^- 
wuhte, V. wiht, a. pi. 
wuldor, n., glory, 83^2 5 g. sg. 

667; d. 302. 
wuldorcyning, m., king of 

glory, g. sg. 392^ 
wuldorgesteald, n. pi., glori- 
ous possessions, 2616. 
wuldorgimm, m., glorious 

jenjoel, 832S. 
wuldornytting, m., glorious 

usefulness, d. pi. 8324. 
wulf, m., 'wolf g. sg. 9127. 
wulfheafedtreo, n., 'wolf-head- 

tree, 55". 
wull, f., 'wool, g. sg. 35^. 
wund, f., ivound, d. sg. 91^^; 

n. pi. 59^7. a. 5", 537. 
wund, adj., 'wounded, 5S 

892. 
wundenlocc, adj., curly locked, 

26". 
wunderlic, wundorlic, adj., 

'wonderful, strange, 8722; f. 
18S 20S 24s 25s 297 J a. 



192 



<fi>loflf0ar^ 



sg. f. 86^} comp. a. sg. m. 

wundor, n., 'voonder, miracle^ 
67^, 683 5 a. sg. 472 ; g. 6010 ; 

g. pi. 218, 82^0^ 83345 d. pi. 

advbl. vf\xndxviTC\ynvonderfullyy 
35S 36s 50', 682, 83s 21, 

wundorcraeft, m., ^wondrous 

mighty d. sg. 40^5. 
wundorlice, adv., ivonderfullyy 

29*. 
wundorworuld, f., nvondrous 

nvorLdy a. sg. 39'^. 
wunian, d^welly pres. i sg. wu- 

nige, 846, pret. i sg. 72'. 
(2) remairiy continuey 40^, 

pres. 3 sg. 31 A 
wycg, V. wicg. 
wyhte, V. wihte. 
wyltan, wi, roily turity pret. 

ptc. 5919. 
wyn(n), i.y joy y pride y 277 j d. 

sg. 53S d. pi. 40^07. 
wynlic, adj.,yoy/«/, delightfuly 

4026 J n. sg. f. 3 1 ^^. 
wynnstaSol, m.y joyous founda- 

tioHy seaty or source of joyy 

9o3. 
wynsum, adj., nvinsomey agree- 

abhy 8319,25. 
wyrcan, wi, ivorky makey con- 
struct y 1 5 18, 72" ; pres. 3 sg. 

378, 6375 pret. 3 sg. worhte, 



406,89^ 546, 885} pret. ptc. 
geworht, 693. 
wyrd, f., Hjoeirdy fatey 47* j g. 

pl- 35^, 39^^- 
"wyrdan, wi, destroy y injur ey 

pres. 3 pl. 8733. 
wyrm, m., ivorniy 4o76, 473 j n. 

pl. 35^- 
wyrman, wi, <Tvarmy pres. 3 

sg. 1 2 10. 
wyrnan, wi, refuse y pres. 3 sg. 

20" J w. g. rei, 20^9. 
wyrs, adv., comp. of yfle, 

'worse y 135. 
wyrslic, adj., meany <viley 

comp. 40^8. 
wyrt, f., rooty herby a. pl. 34^ j 

g. 7o3; d. 5", 347. 

Y. 

yean, wi, increase y 30^ j pres. 

3 pl. 2624. 
yfel, adj., e'vily hady I. sg. 

4o32. 
yfle, adv., badly y 43^, 828. 
yldo, f., old age y 43! 
yldra, v. eald. 
ymb, prep. w. a., abouty aroundy 

2o4, 4o5. 

(2) concerningy 338, 3926, 

following and separated from 

its case, 231*, 43'^. 
ymbclyppan, wi, embrace, 

4o53 . pres. i sg. ^o^^. 



^Io00ar^ 



193 



ymbhwyrft, m., uni'verse, 

ot'orA/, 4o'*2 J a. sg. 40^, «5. 

ymbwindan, iii, surround, 



pres. I sg. 408'*. 
yrnan, in, run, flonv, 845. 
yst, f., storm; d. sg. an yste, in 

storm, 53'°. 
y3, f., 'Tva've, 60^ ; a. sg. 5i5; 

73'^;n. pi. 2^5, 76^} a. 3'^^^} 



g. 22, 333, 227. d, io4^ I 63, 

_ 777. 

ySan, wi, de^vastate, ra^vage, 
_ 7o7. 

ywan, wi, sho^w, display, pres. 
ptc. 3 sg. 55'S jpret. ptc. 334. 

Z. 

zefferus, m., %ephyrus, 40^8. 



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